Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath, tenosynovial giant cell tumor, and pigmented villonodular synovitis: defining the presentation, surgical therapy and recurrence.

Diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumour: Current treatment concepts and future perspectives

“…In the knee joint, a combined arthroscopic anterior and open posterior approach has been advocated to reduce postoperative complications [27]. Alternatively, a two-stage procedure, with anterior and posterior excision at separate times (either arthroscopic-open or open-open) may reduce postoperative complications [2,25,28,29].…”

Adult multifocal pigmented villonodular synovitis—clinical review

“…The first case of poliarticular PVNS in children was published in 1975 by Leszczynski et al, and it presented a seven year-old girl with PVNS involving the right knee and both ankles [19]. Other authors presenting pediatric forms were Walls and Nogi [20], Martin et al [21], Pavlica et al [22], and Kay et al [23]. Vedantam et al described in 1998 a PVNS patient with congenital abnormalities of the genitourinary tract [24].…”

Recurrence of Giant Cell Tumors in the Hand: A Prospective Study

“…1,2 Clinically, the tumor usually presents as a localized, solitary, subcutaneous nodule. Histologic sections reveal hemosiderin, cholesterol-laden histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells, and fibrous tissue.…”