Ghrelin mediated regulation of neurosynaptic transmitters in depressive disorders

Masule, Milind V.; Rathod, Sumit; Agrawal, Yogeeta O.; Patil, Chandragouda R.; Nakhate, Kartik T.; Ojha, Shreesh; Goyal, Sameer N.; Mahajan, Umesh B

doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100113

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 204 publications

(262 reference statements)

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“…The level of ghrelin increases before meals, and food suppresses its release [ 36 ]. Studies in patients taking APDs are completely inconsistent and show an increase, a decrease, and no change in serum ghrelin levels [ 33 , 37 ]. The tendency to increase the level of ghrelin (effect at the statistical significance limit) was reported in rats fed clozapine, but not haloperidol [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective 5-HT6 Receptor Ligands (Agonist and Antagonist) Show Different Effects on Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Metabolic Dysfunctions in Rats

et al. 2023

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It is estimated that in patients taking antipsychotic drugs (APDs), metabolic syndrome occurs 2–3 times more often than in the general population. It manifests itself in abdominal obesity, elevated glucose concentration, and dyslipidemia. Despite the high prevalence of this disorder, only a small percentage of patients receive appropriate and effective treatment, and none of the available methods for preventing or treating APD-induced metabolic side effects is satisfactory. A promising supplement to antipsychotic therapy appears to be ligands of the serotonin 6 (5-HT6) receptor. The present study aimed to examine the chronic effects of the selected APDs (haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine), administered alone and in combination with a selective 5-HT6 agonist (WAY-181187) or antagonist (SB-742457), on weight gain, food intake, serum lipid profile, glucose level, and a spectrum of hormones derived from adipose (leptin, adiponectin) and gastrointestinal (insulin, ghrelin) tissue in rats. SB-742457 inhibited increased weight gain and alleviated hyperglycemia induced by APDs more strongly than did WAY-181187, but also intensified dyslipidemia. WAY-181187 tended to improve the lipid profile, but increased the glucose level. The greatest benefits were obtained when WAY-181187 or SB-742457 were co-administered with haloperidol. It is difficult to assess whether the modification of the serum levels of insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin depended on the treatment applied or other drug-independent factors; therefore, further research is needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective 5-HT6 Receptor Ligands (Agonist and Antagonist) Show Different Effects on Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Metabolic Dysfunctions in Rats

et al. 2023

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“…Injection of ghrelin in mice was found to alleviate depressive-like behaviors stimulated by prolonged moderate stress [35]. It modulated depressive-related signals by forming neuronal networks with various neurotransmitter systems and neuropeptides [17]. Ghrelin was found to increase the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental areas [42].…”

Section: Depression and Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ghrelin receptors are expressed in the hippocampus, amygdala, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens [14]. Animal studies reported a dual role for ghrelin; few studies revealed that ghrelin could be an anxiogenic-like hormone whereas others suggested that it can have anxiolytic-like and antidepressive-like responses [15][16][17]. The relationship between depression and ghrelin was also investigated in humans, and the results were inconsistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Ghrelin and Leptin Concentrations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder before and after Supplementation with Vitamin D3

AlGhamdi,

Alsulami,

Khoja

et al. 2024

Depression and Anxiety

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Aim. To determine serum concentrations of leptin and ghrelin in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) before and after vitamin D3 supplementation. Methods. A total of 72 participants were recruited in this study (40 MDD patients and 32 healthy controls). MDD was diagnosed by using Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) scale. Blood samples were collected from all participants at the beginning of the study to determine baseline serum 25(OH)D3, leptin, and ghrelin concentrations. Patients were then treated weekly with vitamin D3 (50,000 IU) for 3 months, and blood samples were collected again by the end of the study. Results. At baseline, serum leptin concentrations were significantly higher in MDD patients than in healthy controls. In contrast, serum ghrelin concentrations were significantly lower compared to those in healthy controls. After supplementation with vitamin D3 for three months, MDD patients showed improvements characterized by a decrease in their BDI’s scores and an increase in their serum vitamin D and ghrelin concentrations. No effects of vitamin D3 supplementation were seen on serum leptin concentration. Conclusions. The antidepressant effects of vitamin D3 supplementation could be mediated by ghrelin but not leptin.

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“…The hormone ghrelin is produced in the stomach by A (X-like) cells, has 28 amino acids, and binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a [35,37]. Ghrelin is a hormone that controls orexigenic and adipogenic signals in the body, and it is released by the stomach when it is empty to signal to the brain to eat.…”

Section: Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Gut Hormones Influence Brain Function in Depression

Siba

Martynhak

Pereira

2023

Applied Biosciences

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The literature on the crosstalk between the brain and the gut has increased considerably in recent years. It is widely accepted now that the microbiome plays a significant role in several brain disorders, neurodevelopment, neurocognitive stages, and physiological functions. However, the mechanisms that influence such crosstalk are still not well elucidated. In this sense, one of the possible mechanisms by which the microbiome could influence brain function is through gut hormones released by enteroendocrine cells: ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), glucagon-like peptide (GLP1-2), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), secretin, serotonin (5-HT), and oxytocin. Especially when one considers that the brain expresses receptors for these hormones in areas important to the neurobiology of brain disorders (e.g., depression), such as the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus. To strengthen this hypothesis, gastrointestinal dysfunction (such as altered motility or pain) is relatively common in depressive patients, and changes in diet (low-carbohydrate diets, for example) positively affect mood. Additionally, alterations in the gut microbiome are relatively common in depressive patients and are related to the levels of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia and Clostridium. Finally, concerning the gut-released hormones, the literature reports that ghrelin can be a peripheral marker for the antidepressant treatment success rate and has elevated levels during depression. GLP-1 is tightly correlated with HPA axis activity being decreased by high cortisol levels. CCK seems to be altered in depression due to increased inflammation and activation of Toll-like receptor 4. Such finds allow the postulation that hormones, the microbiome and mood are intertwined and co-dependent. VIP is correlated with circadian rhythms. There is a bidirectional connection of the circadian rhythms between the host and the microbiota. Circadian rhythm disruption is associated with both poor outcomes in mental health and alterations in the microbiota composition. In sum, in the past year, more and more research has been published showing the tight connection between gut and brain health and trying to decipher the feedback in play. Here, we focus on depression.

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Ghrelin mediated regulation of neurosynaptic transmitters in depressive disorders

Cited by 9 publications

References 204 publications

Selective 5-HT6 Receptor Ligands (Agonist and Antagonist) Show Different Effects on Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Metabolic Dysfunctions in Rats

Selective 5-HT6 Receptor Ligands (Agonist and Antagonist) Show Different Effects on Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Metabolic Dysfunctions in Rats

Serum Ghrelin and Leptin Concentrations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder before and after Supplementation with Vitamin D3

When Gut Hormones Influence Brain Function in Depression

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