Ghrelin fluctuation, what determines its production?

Yin, Xiaoli; Li, Yin; Xu, Geyang; An, Wenjiao; Zhang, Weizhen

doi:10.1093/abbs/gmp001

Cited by 55 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Excitation of the vagus nerve stimulates ghrelin secretion. Varied results have been reported on the effects of vagotomy in rats on ghrelin secretion ranging from no effect, an acute decrease, a chronic increase or prevention of food deprivation-induced elevation in levels (23–25). It has been shown that IGS impairs physiological gastric electrical activity particularly causing a reduction in signaling from the vagal afferent pathway (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poster Abstracts–Monday, October 11, 2010

Körner

Nandi

Wright

et al. 2010

Obesity

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The SHAPE (Screened Health Assessment and Pacer Evaluation) trial was a 24 month randomized multicenter placebo-controlled study to determine the efficacy of an implantable gastric stimulator (IGS) for weight loss. This report is an investigator-initiated sub-study at one site designed to assess whether IGS affects plasma levels of ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY). The device was implanted in all subjects but was activated in the Treatment group (n = 7, BMI = 41.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2) and remained inactive in the Control (n = 6, BMI = 39.5 ± 1.7 kg/m2) during the first 12 months. IGS was activated in both groups during months 12–24. Fasting venous blood was drawn at months 0, 12, and 24 and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at month 12. Although there was no difference in weight loss at 6 months (Control: −6.6 ± 1.5% vs. Treatment: −6.2 ± 1.4%), at 24 months the Control group exhibited weight gain from baseline (+2.2 ± 1.5%) that was significantly different from the weight loss in the Treatment group (−1.9 ± 1.4%; P < 0.05). At 12 months, fasting ghrelin was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the Treatment group (285 ± 35 to 336 ± 35 pg/ml; weight change, −4.9 ± 1.4%), but not in the Control (211 ± 36 to 208 ± 35 pg/ml; weight change, −3.4 ± 1.5%). No significant change was observed in postprandial suppression of plasma ghrelin or in fasting and postprandial PYY levels. In conclusion, IGS does not prevent the increase in fasting plasma ghrelin levels associated with weight loss. Further studies are needed to determine whether changes in technology can improve weight loss and maintenance, perhaps using gut hormones as biomarkers of possible efficacy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poster Abstracts–Monday, October 11, 2010

Körner

Nandi

Wright

et al. 2010

Obesity

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“…To date, the mechanism of the effects of insulin in regulating ghrelin gene expression remains unknown but studies done by Kamegai et al (2004) shows that insulin decreases ghrelin gene expression. Besides, Yin et al (2009) also mentioned that administration of insulin decreases ghrelin levels in humans and rats. According to Kempa et al (2007), insulin resistance is said to play a more important role in regulating ghrelin gene expression as compared to insulin itself.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is produced in the stomach, hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary, intestine, adrenal gland, testis, ovary, placenta and brain (Silvia & Kumar, 2010;Yin et al, 2009). Ghrelin has two isoforms, ghrelin and des-Gln14-ghrelin and can be further categorised into two groups, des-acyl ghrelin and acylated ghrelin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Regulation of Ghrelin Expression by Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 In Rat Pancreatic AR42J Cell Line

Lao

Lim²,

Ng³

et al. 2012

JBLS

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Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretatgogue receptor (GHS-R) that functions to stimulate growth hormone, regulate inflammation, appetite and energy balance. However, the regulation of ghrelin expression by pro-inflammatory cytokines during inflammation process has never been investigated systematically. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of major pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 on ghrelin expression using AR42J rat pancreatic cell line as model system. The cells were treated with different concentrations of the cytokines for 24 hours. Real-Time RT-PCR, Western blot and densitometry analysis were carried out to quantify ghrelin mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Although TNF-α and IL-6 stimulation resulted in a general down-regulatory pattern in both mRNA and protein expression of ghrelin, stimulation with 5 ng/ml of TNF-α and IL-6 slightly induced the expression of ghrelin expression. However, higher doses of the cytokines ranging from 10-50 ng/ml suppressed the ghrelin expression in a dose-dependant manner. These results indicate that ghrelin in AR42J pancreatic cell line is regulated by the pro-inflammatory cytokines and that the dosages of the cytokines play an important factor in the regulation of the expression.

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“…Besides, acyl ghrelin can transport across the blood-brain barrier bidirectionally through specific transport system in humans. 61 Ghrelin secretion has been found to be modified under different conditions such as fasting, pathological conditions and surgery. 62 In contrast to other gut hormones, plasma ghrelin levels increase in response to fasting and decrease on refeeding.…”

Section: Regulation Of Ghrelin Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…99,100 This stimulatory effect is probably a direct effect on ghrelin-producing cells that are governed by the enteric nervous system in stomach mucosa. 61 Sympathetic nervous system is also involved in the regulation of ghrelin, as plasma acyl ghrelin concentration is induced by an α-adrenergic antagonist and a β-adrenergic agonist. The adrenergic agents act directly on β1 receptors in ghrelin-secreting cells.…”

Section: Autonomic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin – Physiological Functions and Regulation

Abdalla

2015

European Endocrinology

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Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide predominantly secreted from the stomach and stimulates appetite and growth hormone (GH) release.Studies have provided evidence that ghrelin exercises a wide range of functions, including regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, modulation of cardiovascular function, stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and bone formation and stimulation of neurogenesis and myogenesis. In the gastrointestinal system, ghrelin affects multiple functions, including secretion of gastric acid, gastric motility and pancreatic protein output. Most of these functions have been attributed to the actions of acylated ghrelin. The balance among its secretion rate, degradation rate and clearance rate determines the circulating level of ghrelin. This review explains what ghrelin is, its physiological functions and the factors that influence its level. KeywordsGhrelin, food intake, obesity, lipolysis, ghrelin receptors, regulation Disclosure: Mona Mohamed Ibrahim Abdalla has no conflicts of interest to declare. Acknowledgement:A note of appreciation to Research Management Centre of MAHSA University, Malaysia for funding publication of this article.

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Ghrelin fluctuation, what determines its production?

Cited by 55 publications

References 107 publications

Poster Abstracts–Monday, October 11, 2010

Poster Abstracts–Monday, October 11, 2010

Molecular Regulation of Ghrelin Expression by Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 In Rat Pancreatic AR42J Cell Line

Ghrelin – Physiological Functions and Regulation

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