Ghrelin and Insulin Secretion in Humans: Not a Tale of Two Hormones?

Barazzoni, Rocco

doi:10.2337/db14-0407

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…The serum ghrelin level change is affected by blood glucose and insulin levels. 19 The changes in blood glucose and insulin levels were not significantly different between the acupuncture and placebo groups. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon may involve the interaction between feeding-related cytokines and the vagus nerve.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

The effects of auricular acupuncture on weight reduction and feeding-related cytokines: a pilot study

Ito¹,

Yamada

Kira

et al. 2015

BMJ Open Gastroenterol

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ObjectiveAuricular acupuncture is a common therapy used to control appetite; however, the underlying mechanism(s) of action is unclear. The present study examined changes in feeding behaviour and in the levels of several appetite-related hormones in response to auricular acupuncture, and attempted to identify the mechanism(s) by which this traditional medical treatment exerts its effects.MethodsTen healthy adult volunteers (nine female and one male) were recruited by the KOSAI Oriental Healthcare Center. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups (n=5 per group): an acupuncture group and a placebo group. Each received detention needle stimulus on a weekly basis for 1 month. Changes in diet, body weight, blood pressure and blood biochemistry were evaluated before treatment and at 1 week after the start of treatment.ResultsThe difference in weight before treatment and after 1 week of treatment was significant for all participants in the acupuncture group (p=0.02). The percentage changes in active ghrelin in the acupuncture group were no significant changes observed in active ghrelin levels at 1 week after acupuncture in any individual participant (p=0.89). By contrast, the percentage changes in active ghrelin levels in the placebo group at 1 week after the start of acupuncture were significant (p=0.04). The insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, leptin and adiponectin levels did not change significantly in either group.ConclusionsThere was a statistically significant difference in the percentage change in body weight and active ghrelin levels in each individual participant in auricular acupuncture groups. This is a pilot study and the sample number is small; however, auricular acupuncture may reduce appetite by suppressing ghrelin production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

The effects of auricular acupuncture on weight reduction and feeding-related cytokines: a pilot study

Ito¹,

Yamada

Kira

et al. 2015

BMJ Open Gastroenterol

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“…Hunger description was possible through leptin and ghrelin, which work as complementary molecules to regulate food intake and energy balance in close concert to insulin [ 46 , 48 ]. Ghrelin is a fast-acting hormone secreted when the stomach is empty [ 49 ] and it stimulates food intake. Leptin concentration depends on fat mass [ 50 ] and acts on the long term, without major changes within hours or days ( Fig 3m ), as a “satiety” signal to the brain [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A closed-loop multi-level model of glucose homeostasis

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe pathophysiologic processes underlying the regulation of glucose homeostasis are considerably complex at both cellular and systemic level. A comprehensive and structured specification for the several layers of abstraction of glucose metabolism is often elusive, an issue currently solvable with the hierarchical description provided by multi-level models. In this study we propose a multi-level closed-loop model of whole-body glucose homeostasis, coupled with the molecular specifications of the insulin signaling cascade in adipocytes, under the experimental conditions of normal glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes.Methodology/Principal findingsThe ordinary differential equations of the model, describing the dynamics of glucose and key regulatory hormones and their reciprocal interactions among gut, liver, muscle and adipose tissue, were designed for being embedded in a modular, hierarchical structure. The closed-loop model structure allowed self-sustained simulations to represent an ideal in silico subject that adjusts its own metabolism to the fasting and feeding states, depending on the hormonal context and invariant to circadian fluctuations. The cellular level of the model provided a seamless dynamic description of the molecular mechanisms downstream the insulin receptor in the adipocytes by accounting for variations in the surrounding metabolic context.Conclusions/SignificanceThe combination of a multi-level and closed-loop modeling approach provided a fair dynamic description of the core determinants of glucose homeostasis at both cellular and systemic scales. This model architecture is intrinsically open to incorporate supplementary layers of specifications describing further individual components influencing glucose metabolism.

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“…Taken together, this perhaps translates into metabolically meaningful effects of H 2 to amplify glucose uptake through both insulin-dependent (GLUT4) and insulin-independent (GLUT1) pathways. Since insulin positively affects mitochondrial bioenergetics in many energy-demanding tissues (including the skeletal muscle, brain or testis) 14, with insulin and ghrelin network acts in interconnection 15, H 2 could be put forward as a novel therapeutics that effectively tackles both metabolic pathways in disorders with a plausible mitochondrial dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus or obesity 1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%