Getting Past the Red Tees: Constraints Women Face in Golf and Strategies to Help Them Stay

McGinnis, Lee Phillip; Gentry, James W.

doi:10.1123/jsm.20.2.218

Cited by 28 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…-she emphasises. This concurs with McGinnis and Gentry (2006) finding that men do not like to be beaten by women. For some years Paula was the national female team coach working for the FPG.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The suggestion that these 3D factors may function as constraints or facilitators (Jackson, 1997;Raymore, 2002) will enable us to identify which factors mostly influence women's decision to participate in golf. Haig-Muir (2000), Gilbert and Hudson (2000), Grouios and Alexandris (2002) and McGinnis and Gentry (2006) argue that this is the most suitable framework to understand the choice for a male-dominated sport and some authors (McGinnis et al, 2009) went further advancing that, when within unfriendly environments, women develop competencies and strategies to cope with the situations. Figure 1 shows the theoretical framework that supports this research.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…According to the literature, the most significant intrapersonal factors are past experience and skills/ability/knowledge (Gilbert and Hudson, 2000;McGinnis et al, 2009;McGinnis and Gentry, 2006;Sylvia-Bobiak and Caldwell, 2006), whilst the interpersonal are family reference and gender norms that strongly penalise women (an ''ethics of care' ' Gilligan, 1982;Callan and Thomas, 2006;Kaczynski and Henderson, 2007;Lloyd and Little, 2010;McGinnis and Gentry, 2006;Miller and Brown, 2005;Sylvia-Bobiak and Caldwell, 2006;Roster, 2007) and the structural relate to cultural/social attitudes and course policies/conduciveness (Callan and Thomas, 2006;Gilbert and Hudson, 2000;Haig-Muir, 2000;Kaczynski and Henderson, 2007;McGinnis et al, 2009;McGinnis and Gentry, 2006;Miller and Brown, 2005). Moreover, the model was revisited according to the findings deriving from 25 women's life stories.…”

Section: Discrimination Over the Centuries The Path For Revisiting Tmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Gender inequalities in golf: a consented exclusion?

Reis

Correia

2013

International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research

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Purpose – In the late eighteenth century, golf emerged as a men's game. Since then, women have striven to play, yet without success. A ratio of around 80 percent of male players against 20 percent female proves that women are far from being accepted in golf. This study, supported by qualitative analyses of women golfers' life stories, attempts to evaluate to what extent this prejudice exists. Design/methodology/approach – The ecological system theory, the causal historical wave model, the intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural factors, and the constraints/facilitators paradigm were first used to support the theoretical model that was defined based on the literature. Second, the model was revisited according to textual data collected from 25 narratives of women in the nineteenth century. The present research applies this model throughout a set of six life stories of contemporary Portuguese women who excelled in golf, attempting to test the persistence of this discrimination. Findings – The results highlight that structural and interpersonal factors persist across time. Some aspects of women's lifestyle did not change much since some cultural values are difficult to overcome. The research highlights that the exclusion of women, more than explicit discrimination, is a cultural factor engrained in their daily lives, meaning that women exclude themselves, tacitly accepting this discrimination. Research limitations/implications – The research focuses only on Portuguese women. Further studies should evaluate the pertinence of these factors amongst other nationalities and cultures. Originality/value – The low participation of women in golf is acknowledged by golf stakeholders in Portugal, but this has not been the object of research; thus, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper about this subject in Portugal.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discrimination Over the Centuries The Path For Revisiting Tmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gender inequalities in golf: a consented exclusion?

Reis

Correia

2013

International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research

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“…Similar patterns of participation exist within the United States. As McGinnis and Gentry (2006) noted, in the United States, golf is a sport predominately engaged in by men. Allowing for generalization to other sports and settings, the social group and general social processes were the focus of this study rather than golf specifically (Fine, 1979).…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 95%

Playing Our Way: Contributions of Social Groups to Women's Continued Participation in Golf

Wood

Danylchuk

2011

Leisure Sciences

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This study builds upon research on leisure based social worlds and recent work identifying the potentially valuable roles of social groups in women's continued participation in recreation. This study is an ethnography of a group of women who regularly played golf. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. The analysis suggested two overarching themes that explained persistence in golf for these women: connecting with group members and constructing a group culture. Importantly, the processes that facilitated the development of group connections were also identified, thereby adding a further understanding of how socializing is made possible in leisure contexts.

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“…; McGinnis & Gentry, 2006;Sawyer, 1993). Additional topics include examinations of the effect of service quality and sportscape factors (Hill & Green, 2012;Lee, Kim, Ko, & Sagas, 2011), golf spectator experiences (Lambrecht, Kaefer, & Ramenofsky (2009), golf marketing (Brooksbank, Garland, & Werder, 2012;Garland, Brooksbank, & Werber, 2011), course tee time management (Haywood-Farmer, Sharman, & Weinbrecht, 1988), human resource management (Husin, Chelladurai, & Musa, 2012), golf course impacts on residential property values (Nicholls & Crompton, 2007), international trade of golf equipment (Andreff & Andreff, 2009), PGA Tour players' decisions to enter specific tournaments (Shmanske, 2009), and finally, designing, building, operating, and maintaining courses (Bartlett & James, 2011;Jackson, et al, 2011;Wheeler & Nauright, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Greener Golf Operations: A Comparative Case Study of Ontario Golf Courses Engaged in Environmental Sustainability Initiatives

Keogh¹,

Mallen²,

Chard³

et al. 2014

MOS

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This research explored environmental sustainability (ES) initiatives at five top-ranked Ontario golf courses that were members of the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf (ACSP). The Research Questions were: (1) How are golf courses adapting to safeguard the natural environment? (2) Why or why not are golf courses moving to ES? and (3) What are the arising barriers to ES in golf and how can they be overcome?Data collection involved in-depth interviews, observations, and unobtrusive document collection for the purpose of content analysis. Data collection was framed with the dimensions of convergence by Houlihan (2012), including the motives, inputs, implementation, momentum, and impact. The dimensions were extended with the use of two constructs, including impression management or how the golf courses position their environmental messages, and message framing, or how ES was communicated to stakeholders. The environmental aspects of the examination were guided by two Standards, including The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Requirements and Guidance for Organizers of Sustainable Events and Sustainable Sport and Event Toolkit (SSET). Data analysis involved Houlihan's dimensions of convergence extended to include impression management and message framing. Thus, RQ-1 was answered, in part, based on the following dimensions: inputs, evidence of implementation, momentum, and impact. RQ-2 was answered, in part, based on the motives, inputs, momentum, impact, and impression management. Finally, RQ-3 was answered, in part, based on inputs, momentum, impact, impressions management and message framing.

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Getting Past the Red Tees: Constraints Women Face in Golf and Strategies to Help Them Stay

Cited by 28 publications

References 45 publications

Gender inequalities in golf: a consented exclusion?

Gender inequalities in golf: a consented exclusion?

Playing Our Way: Contributions of Social Groups to Women's Continued Participation in Golf

Greener Golf Operations: A Comparative Case Study of Ontario Golf Courses Engaged in Environmental Sustainability Initiatives

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