“…Therefore, the modulatory effects of ECS on fertilization, blastocyst implantation, placentation, labor, and parturition might be partially mediated by the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response at the interface between embryo and decidua, enriched in immune cells [ 152 ]. Indeed, the maternal decidua hosts numerous populations of immune cells, such as decidual NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, cytotoxic, regulatory and helper T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, that dynamically change in a gestational stage-dependent manner, and show distinct signatures from their counterparts in other tissues or in the bloodstreams [ 153 , 154 ]. These immune cells represent the first line of defence against the pathogen colonization of the placenta [ 155 ] and are responsible for the establishment of maternal immune tolerance, a modulation of the immune response necessary to avoid the allogeneic risk due to the foreign paternal antigens expressed on the fetal tissues [ 156 ].…”