Gestational weight gain and child adiposity at age 3 years

Oken, Emily; Taveras, Elsie M.; Kleinman, Ken; Rich‐Edwards, Janet W.; Gillman, Matthew W.

doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.11.027

Cited by 666 publications

(620 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…OLETF female rats lost fat during the lactation period, from all the three examined tissues. In the middle of the lactation period and during the transition toward weaning (days [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], OLETF dams had reduced weight fat tissues that did not differ from those of LETO controls in the same lactation stage. In contrast, 8 weeks PW OLETF dams gained fats, appearing to re-achieve the same amount as observed in NP.…”

Section: Adipose Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Weight gain during pregnancy and lactation has many implications for women's and children's health, including risks related to adult obesity. 15 Compared to normal-weight women, overweight and obese women retain more of the body weight gained during pregnancy and postpartum, when examined in the second year after giving birth. 16 Stein and co-workers 17 suggest that a high leptin concentration postpartum may predict an increased risk of overweight and obesity in vulnerable women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptation to lactation in OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors: body weight, fat tissues, leptin and oxytocin

et al. 2008

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Objective: To understand the adaptation to lactation of obese rats, by studying the interplay among the gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), the adiposity hormone leptin and the affiliation hormone oxytocin in modulating body mass and fat storage. Design: Strain differences were examined between Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats lacking expression of functional CCK-1 receptors and Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) controls, tested as nulliparous dams, at the 7 and 15th lactation day, at weaning (lactation day 22) or 8 weeks postweaning. Measurements: We measured body mass, fat pads (brown, retroperitoneal and inguinal) and inguinal adipocytes. Plasma levels of leptin and oxytocin were determined. Results: Fat depots of LETO female rats were larger during lactation compared to the levels found in postweaning and nulliparous female rats. LETO female rats gained weight and accumulated fat during pregnancy and lactation, returning to their normal fat levels postweaning. In contrast, OLETF female rats presented lower body weight and fat depots during the lactation period than nulliparous dams, and regained the weight and fat postweaning. Plasma leptin and oxytocin were highly correlated and followed the same pattern. OLETF leptin levels were highly correlated with fat depot and inguinal cell surface. No significant correlation was found for LETO parameters. Conclusions: Pregnancy and lactation are energy-consuming events, which naturally induce female rats to increase food intake and accumulate fat. When challenged by the demands of rapidly growing preobese OLETF pups, OLETF dams' fat stores are reduced to lean, LETO levels. During lactation, sensitivity of the oxytocinergic neurons descending from the paraventricular nuclei to the nucleus of the solitary tract to CCK is reduced. We theorized that this pathway is not available to OLETF female rats that lack functional CCK-1 receptors to mediate the signal. The current study contributes to the understanding of the female body's adaptation to lactation.

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Section: Adipose Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to lactation in OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors: body weight, fat tissues, leptin and oxytocin

et al. 2008

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“…The publication of an addendum in the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population, including a specific topic with recommendations regarding pregnancy and postpartum, is of utmost importance, since this stage of life represents a good opportunity for nutritional education (42) . Maternal nutrition not only influences birth outcomes but ultimately impacts on the long-term health status of the offspring (59)(60)(61) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibre intake and evolution of BMI: from pre-pregnancy to postpartum

Drehmer

Camey

Nunes

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of fibre intake on the evolution of maternal BMI from pregnancy to postpartum and to identify dietary patterns associated with fibre intake. Design: Cohort study. Food intake was obtained using an FFQ. Focused principal component analysis was used focusing on the variables: postpartum weight retention and total dietary fibre intake. Poisson regression models with robust variance were built in order to measure the effect of fibre intake during the postpartum period on obesity risk. Setting: Primary care clinics in southern Brazil. Subjects: Pregnant women (n 370) were followed until the 5th month postpartum. Results: The highest contribution to fibre intake came from the consumption of beans. Consumption of bread and rice indicated a common Brazilian food pattern along with beans. Participants retained a median of 4?4 (interquartile range 0?6, 7?9) kg of weight gained during pregnancy. Obesity risk, defined as an unfavourable evolution of BMI during pregnancy and postpartum, was present in 189 (55?1 %) women. Individual food items did not have an important effect on weight retention. In Poisson regression adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and total gestational weight gain, inadequate postpartum fibre intake increased obesity risk by 24 % (relative risk 5 1?24; 95 % CI 1?05, 1?47). Conclusions: Important maternal weight retention occurred in these women. Adequate fibre intake may reduce obesity risk in the period following childbirth. Keywords Postpartum BMI Fibre intake Maternal obesityThe postpartum period appears to be a critical period for obesity development in women of reproductive age due to maternal weight retention determined by a series of interrelated factors (1,2) . Gestational weight gain above the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) is considered the most important predictor for postpartum weight retention, increasing the short-, medium-and long-term risk obesity (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) .Among other factors associated with postpartum weight variation, maternal age, parity, social and demographic factors as well as pre-pregnancy nutritional status represent non-modifiable factors or ones that occur before pregnancy (1,2) . Modifiable factors related to lifestyle, such as diet, physical activity, smoking and lactation, and their effects on the postpartum weight evolution, are still relatively underexplored in the literature (9)(10)(11)(12) .Maternal energy intake needs to be increased in both pregnancy and postpartum in order to meet physiological demands. The American Dietetic Association recommends that food intake in pregnancy and the postpartum period should be based on whole grains, fruit and vegetables, aiming at meeting recommended vitamin and mineral contents (13) . Nutritional restriction is discouraged even for obese women in the postpartum period, and methods that emphasize a fast weight loss are not recommended (14) . Approximately 13-20 % of women do not return to their pre-pregnancy weight, showing significant postpartum weig...

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“…10,74,75 Studies have shown an association with a mother's weight gain during pregnancy and a child's increased risk of being obese later in life. [74][75][76] To determine whether a mother's weight gain during pregnancy was the cause and not the infant's surrounding environment, two studies examined the mother and father's BMI values and their relationship to the child's BMI value and found that the association between maternal BMI and child BMI was statistically similar to the paternal BMI and child BMI, suggesting that increased adiposity could be more related to the postnatal environment and not a maternal effect. 10,77 Secondhand Smoke Exposure (SHS) The role of prenatal cigarette smoke exposure and childhood obesity has long been a focus of many adverse health outcomes including obesity.…”

Section: Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and non-chemical stressors affecting childhood obesity: a systematic scoping review

Lichtveld

Thomas

Tulve

2017

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Childhood obesity in the United States has doubled over the last three decades and currently affects 17% of children and adolescents. While much research has focused on individual behaviors impacting obesity, little research has emphasized the complex interactions of numerous chemical and non-chemical stressors found in a child's environment and how these interactions affect a child's health and well-being. The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to (1) identify potential chemical stressors in the context of non-chemical stressors that impact childhood obesity; and, (2) summarize our observations for chemical and non-chemical stressors in regards to child-specific environments within a community setting. A review was conducted to identify chemical and non-chemical stressors related to childhood obesity for the childhood life stages ranging from prenatal to adolescence. Stressors were identified and grouped into domains: individual behaviors, family/household behaviors, community stressors, and chemical exposures. Stressors were related to the child and the child's everyday environments and used to characterize child health and well-being. This review suggests that the interactions of chemical and non-chemical stressors are important for understanding a child's overall health and well-being. By considering these relationships, the exposure science research community can better design and implement strategies to reduce childhood obesity.

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Gestational weight gain and child adiposity at age 3 years

Cited by 666 publications

References 25 publications

Adaptation to lactation in OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors: body weight, fat tissues, leptin and oxytocin

Adaptation to lactation in OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors: body weight, fat tissues, leptin and oxytocin

Fibre intake and evolution of BMI: from pre-pregnancy to postpartum

Chemical and non-chemical stressors affecting childhood obesity: a systematic scoping review

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