Abstract:Women are more likely to develop depression during childbearing years with up to 20% of women suffering from depression during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Increased prevalence of depression during the perinatal period has resulted in frequent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant treatment; however the effects of such medications on the maternal brain remain limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of the SSRI medication, fluoxetine, on n… Show more
“…In a series of studies, Pawluski and colleagues have reported that gestational stress affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis and CA3 dendritic structure in pregnant rats (Pawluski et al, 2016). Exposure to chronic stress during pregnancy also reduces spine density and dendritic complexity in the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens shell (Haim et al, 2014; Leuner et al, 2014; Haim et al, 2016), while it raises synaptophysin levels in the cingulate cortex and increases spine density in the basolateral amygdala of rat dams (Gemmel et al, 2016; Haim et al, 2016). Some of these alterations are reversed by antidepressant treatment (Gemmel et al, 2016; Haim et al, 2016).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been suggested, in line with the synaptogenic hypothesis of depression (Hajszan et al, 2010), that peripartum stress elicits extensive neuroplasticity in the maternal brain, which potentially contributes to the development of postpartum affective illness (Pawluski et al, 2016). Recent studies are beginning to demonstrate that the maternal nervous system is indeed remodelled by stress both in humans (Moses-Kolko et al, 2014) and in animal models (Gemmel et al, 2016; Haim et al, 2016; Pawluski et al, 2016). Nevertheless, more research is needed to better understand the extent to which neuroplasticity is implicated in stress-related maternal disorders.…”
Stress and withdrawal of female reproductive hormones are known risk factors of postpartum depression. Although both of these factors are capable of powerfully modulating neuronal plasticity, there is no direct electron microscopic evidence of hippocampal spine synapse remodeling in postpartum depression. To address this issue, hormonal conditions of pregnancy and postpartum period were simulated in ovariectomized adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=76). The number of hippocampal spine synapses and the depressive behavior of rats in an active escape task were investigated in untreated control, hormone-withdrawn ‘postpa rtum’, simulated proestrus, and hormone-treated ‘postpartum’ animals. After ‘postpartum’ withdrawal of gonadal steroids, inescapable stress caused a loss of hippocampal spine synapses, which was related to poor escape performance in hormone-withdrawn ‘postpartum’ females. These responses were equivalent with the changes observed in untreated controls that is an established animal model of major depression. Maintaining proestrus levels of ovarian hormones during ‘postpartum’ stress exposure did not affect synaptic and behavioral responses to inescapable stress in simulated proestrus animals. By contrast, maintaining pregnancy levels of estradiol and progesterone during ‘postpartum’ stress exposure completely prevented the stress-induced loss of hippocampal spine synapses, which was associated with improved escape performance in hormone-treated ‘postpartum’ females. This protective effect appears to be mediated by a muted stress response as measured by serum corticosterone concentrations. In line with our emerging ‘synaptogenic hypothesis’ of depression, the loss of hippocampal spine synapses may be a novel perspective both in the pathomechanism and in the clinical management of postpartum affective illness.
“…In a series of studies, Pawluski and colleagues have reported that gestational stress affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis and CA3 dendritic structure in pregnant rats (Pawluski et al, 2016). Exposure to chronic stress during pregnancy also reduces spine density and dendritic complexity in the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens shell (Haim et al, 2014; Leuner et al, 2014; Haim et al, 2016), while it raises synaptophysin levels in the cingulate cortex and increases spine density in the basolateral amygdala of rat dams (Gemmel et al, 2016; Haim et al, 2016). Some of these alterations are reversed by antidepressant treatment (Gemmel et al, 2016; Haim et al, 2016).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been suggested, in line with the synaptogenic hypothesis of depression (Hajszan et al, 2010), that peripartum stress elicits extensive neuroplasticity in the maternal brain, which potentially contributes to the development of postpartum affective illness (Pawluski et al, 2016). Recent studies are beginning to demonstrate that the maternal nervous system is indeed remodelled by stress both in humans (Moses-Kolko et al, 2014) and in animal models (Gemmel et al, 2016; Haim et al, 2016; Pawluski et al, 2016). Nevertheless, more research is needed to better understand the extent to which neuroplasticity is implicated in stress-related maternal disorders.…”
Stress and withdrawal of female reproductive hormones are known risk factors of postpartum depression. Although both of these factors are capable of powerfully modulating neuronal plasticity, there is no direct electron microscopic evidence of hippocampal spine synapse remodeling in postpartum depression. To address this issue, hormonal conditions of pregnancy and postpartum period were simulated in ovariectomized adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=76). The number of hippocampal spine synapses and the depressive behavior of rats in an active escape task were investigated in untreated control, hormone-withdrawn ‘postpa rtum’, simulated proestrus, and hormone-treated ‘postpartum’ animals. After ‘postpartum’ withdrawal of gonadal steroids, inescapable stress caused a loss of hippocampal spine synapses, which was related to poor escape performance in hormone-withdrawn ‘postpartum’ females. These responses were equivalent with the changes observed in untreated controls that is an established animal model of major depression. Maintaining proestrus levels of ovarian hormones during ‘postpartum’ stress exposure did not affect synaptic and behavioral responses to inescapable stress in simulated proestrus animals. By contrast, maintaining pregnancy levels of estradiol and progesterone during ‘postpartum’ stress exposure completely prevented the stress-induced loss of hippocampal spine synapses, which was associated with improved escape performance in hormone-treated ‘postpartum’ females. This protective effect appears to be mediated by a muted stress response as measured by serum corticosterone concentrations. In line with our emerging ‘synaptogenic hypothesis’ of depression, the loss of hippocampal spine synapses may be a novel perspective both in the pathomechanism and in the clinical management of postpartum affective illness.
“…Humán felmérések (Moses-Kolko et al, 2014) és rágcsálókon végzett kísérletek (Gemmel et al, 2016;Haim et al, 2016;Pawluski et al, 2016) is bizonyítják azt a tényt, hogy a stressznek idegrendszert befolyásoló hatása van a terhesség alatti időszakban, ugyanis a terhesség alatti folyamatos stressz szorongásos viselkedést és a szülői gondoskodás hiányát eredményezte a terhesség után (Darnaudéry et al, 2004;Smith et al, 2004;Brummelte & Galea, 2010). Ez a megfigyelés a depresszió szinaptogenikus hipotézisével összhangban állhat (Hajszan et al, 2010), miszerint a terhesség alatti stressz az idegsejtek specifikus strukturális változását válthatja ki az anya központi idegrendszerében, hozzájárulva a szülést követő megváltozott kedélyállapothoz .…”
Section: A Terhesség Utáni (Posztpartum) Depresszióunclassified
“…Számos, rágcsálókon végzett tanulmány számol be arról, hogy a terhesség alatti tartós stressz a szülést követően szorongásos viselkedést és a szülői gondoskodásban való deficitet okoz (Darnaudéry et al, 2004;Smith et al, 2004;O'Mahony et al, 2006;Brummelte & Galea, 2010;Hillerer et al, 2011). Humán vizsgálatokkal bizonyították, hogy a terhesség alatti időszakban az erős stressz befolyásolja a hippokampális neurogenezist és a CA3 piramissejtek dendritikus morfológiáját , továbbá csökkenti a prefrontális kéregben és a bazális előagyi nucleus accumbens héj régiójában lévő principális sejtek dendrittüskéinek számát és a dendritarborizációjuk sűrűségét (Leuner et al, 2014;Haim et al, 2016), míg növeli a gyrus cinguli kérgi régióban a szinaptofizin szintjét és a bazolaterális amigdalában a dendrittüskék számát (Gemmel et al, 2016;Haim et al, 2016). E változások egy részét antidepresszáns-kezelésekkel vissza lehetett fordítani (Gemmel et al, 2016;Haim et al, 2016).…”
Section: A Stressz Hatása Az Anyai Idegrendszerreunclassified
“…Humán vizsgálatokkal bizonyították, hogy a terhesség alatti időszakban az erős stressz befolyásolja a hippokampális neurogenezist és a CA3 piramissejtek dendritikus morfológiáját , továbbá csökkenti a prefrontális kéregben és a bazális előagyi nucleus accumbens héj régiójában lévő principális sejtek dendrittüskéinek számát és a dendritarborizációjuk sűrűségét (Leuner et al, 2014;Haim et al, 2016), míg növeli a gyrus cinguli kérgi régióban a szinaptofizin szintjét és a bazolaterális amigdalában a dendrittüskék számát (Gemmel et al, 2016;Haim et al, 2016). E változások egy részét antidepresszáns-kezelésekkel vissza lehetett fordítani (Gemmel et al, 2016;Haim et al, 2016). A terhesség után ért stresszhatás ennél sokkal kevésbé kutatott és ismert.…”
Section: A Stressz Hatása Az Anyai Idegrendszerreunclassified
Research studies have indicated that alterations in plasma progesterone levels might be associated with the hippocampal synaptic plasticity of postpartum depressive-like behavior. Herein, we assess both progesterone and fluoxetine effects in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats with postpartum depressive-like behavior. Depressive-like behavior of postpartum rats was established using chronic ultra-mild stress (CUMS) method for 1 week from gestation day 15. Postpartum rats that showed depressive-like behavior were treated with either progesterone (subcutaneously, 0.5 mg/kg) from gestation day 17 to gestation day 22 or fluoxetine (by gavage, 10 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks after birth. Open field and sucrose preference tests were conducted at the start, week 2 and week 4 postpartum. Golgi staining, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses of rats' hippocampi were conducted on week 4 postpartum. Results showed CUMS increases depressive-like behavior, however, treatment with progesterone and fluoxetine improves this behavior. Both progesterone and fluoxetine treatments increase the numbers of dendritic spines pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus as well as protein expression levels of microtubuleassociated protein 2 (MAP-2) and synaptophysin (SYP). CUMS-induced decrement of MAP-2 and SYP protein expressions can be prevented by treatment with progesterone in advanced pregnant stage and fluoxetine in the postpartum period.
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