Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort

Choi, Yuni; Nagel, Emily; Kharoud, Harmeet; Johnson, Klein; Gallagher, Tiffany T.; Duncan, Katy; Kharbanda, Elyse O.; Fields, David A.; Gale, Cheryl A.; Jacobs, Katherine; Jacobs, David R.; Demerath, Ellen W.

doi:10.3390/nu14030667

Cited by 11 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Colostrum and breast milk from GDM mothers present decreased levels of antibodies and less monocyte phagocytic capacity ( 35 ). However, another study showed no difference in the mature milk composition regarding cytokines and hormones comparing healthy to GDM mothers ( 13 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Changes Human Colostrum Immune Composition

et al. 2022

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Breast milk is considered a complete food for babies. Up to 7 days postpartum, it is known as colostrum, rich in immunological compounds, responsible for providing nutrition and ensuring immune protection. However, some maternal factors, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), can change the concentration of bioactive compounds present in the colostrum and may affect the development of the newborn’s immune system. The effect of GDM on colostrum cytokine, chemokine, and growth factors is not well described. Thus, the present study evaluated whether the occurrence of GDM changes the concentration of biomarkers in the colostrum. A cross-sectional study was carried out on postpartum women who had healthy pregnancies and women who had been diagnosed with GDM. A sample of colostrum was collected for Luminex analysis. Our results showed that GDM mothers had higher secretion of cytokines and chemokines in the colostrum, with a higher concentration of IFN-g, IL-6, and IL-15, and a lower concentration of IL-1ra. Among growth factors, we identified a decreased concentration of GM-CSF in the colostrum of GDM mothers. Thus, the data obtained support the idea that the disease leads to immune alterations in the colostrum.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Some factors can influence colostrum composition, such as genetics, environment and geographical location, food consumption, lactation stage, and maternal nutritional status and health ( 13 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Changes Human Colostrum Immune Composition

et al. 2022

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“…Otherwise, three studies examined monosaccharides in breast milk. Two studies examined glucose, with Choi et alfound that GDM reduced glucose concentrations in colostrum [38], while Kaushik et al stated that GDM did not affect glucose in mature milk [12]. Additionally, using metabolomics techniques, Wu et al found that GDM reduced the concentrations of iditol, galactitol, and sorbitol in breast milk [35].…”

Section: Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the three studies that examined colostrum and mature milk, one indicated that GDM increased insulin concentrations [27] and the other two suggested no effect [16,26]. In contrast, Choi et al suggested that it would decrease concentrations in mature milk [38].In addition, two studies have examined IGF-1 levels in breast milk and both indicated that GDM had no effect on it [33,34]. Three studies tested ghrelin concentrations in the milk.…”

Section: Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on the Composition of Breast Milk: A Systematic Review

Wu¹

2023

HSET

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication that affects the health of both the infant and maternal. Breast milk is the optimal food for the infant, including nutrients that support the infant's physical metabolism and biologically active components that help the infant's functional development. This article is a systematic review of published literature on the effects of GDM on the component of mother’s milk. This review analyzed a total of 28 articles reporting a total of 83 breast milk constituents associated with GDM, 37 of which were biologically active. In conclusion, GDM may change human milk composition but the paucity of studies and the considerable heterogeneity of their designs and methods make it difficult to draw reliable and relevant conclusions.

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Bioactive peptides in preterm human milk: Impact of maternal characteristics and their association to neonatal outcomes

et al. 2023

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Human milk adipokines in term babies seem partially determined by maternal factors and affect infant's development. We aimed to describe bioactive peptide concentration in very preterm human milk and associations to maternal characteristics and postnatal growth. Mothers delivering ≤32 weeks of gestation and their infant/s were recruited. At 4 weeks of lactation, an aliquot of 24‐h‐pooled milk was collected for exclusively breastfeeding dyads. Insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and milk fat globule epidermal growth factor‐8 (MFG‐E8) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay in skimmed milk. One hundred mothers (28.8 ± 2.3 weeks at delivery) provided a milk sample. Milk insulin was related to gestational age, pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and galactagogue treatment (final model: adjusted R2: 0.330, p < 0.0001; adjusted β coefficients: galactagogue treatment: 0.348, p 0.001; pre‐pregnancy BMI: 0.274, p 0.009; gestational age: −0.290, p 0.007). Adiponectin was higher in mothers with gestational diabetes (30.7 ± 6.5 vs. 24.8 ± 8 ng/mL, p 0.044). Leptin was associated with pre‐pregnancy BMI (Spearman's ρ: 0.648, p < 0.0001) and MFG‐E8 to presence of labor and multiple pregnancy (final linear regression model, R2: 0.073, p 0.028, adjusted β coefficients: presence of labor −0.229, p 0.050; twins: −0.192, p 0.099). Milk adiponectin was associated with a greater decrease in length z‐scores from birth to 28 days (Pearson's r: −0.225, p 0.032) and to discharge (Pearson's r: −0.290, p 0.003). Milk MFG‐E8 was lower in milk of mothers whose babies experienced late‐onset sepsis (13.3 ± 5.8 vs. 16.8 ± 6.3 μg/mL, p 0.023). Adipokines levels in preterm human milk are partially related to maternal metabolic status. Milk peptide concentration associates with early neonatal growth trajectories.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort

Cited by 11 publications

References 61 publications

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Changes Human Colostrum Immune Composition

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Changes Human Colostrum Immune Composition

The Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on the Composition of Breast Milk: A Systematic Review

Bioactive peptides in preterm human milk: Impact of maternal characteristics and their association to neonatal outcomes

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