Gestational carrier in assisted reproductive technology

Murugappan, Gayathree; Farland, Leslie V.; Missmer, Stacey A.; Correia, Katharine F.; Anchan, Raymond M.; Ginsburg, Elizabeth S.

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.11.011

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…When using donor eggs and GC, the live birth rate per embryo transfer was 52%, with 37% of all live births representing twins and 1.4% being HOM. Of the total number of embryo transfers, 17% ended in early or late miscarriage [11]. This is in stark comparison to naturally conceived pregnancies in the United States.…”

Section: Gestational Carriers and Risk Of Multiplesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In the US, ART clinics are required to report their data prospectively to the CDC. About 80% of the 475 IVF clinics in the US report to the Society of Assisted Reproduction Technology SART (2016), accounting for 91% of ART cycles in the U.S [11]. In the 10-year period from 2004 to 2013, there were 24,269 cycles using gestational carrier reported to SART.…”

Section: Gestational Carriers and Risk Of Multiplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Time has come: Gestational Carrier and the Use of Pre-implantation Genetic Testing (PGT)

Nulsen

Grow

Makhijani

2019

COGO

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Purpose of review: Gestational carrier reproduction is restricted in much of the industrialized world due to complex ethical issues between the intended parents (IP) and the gestational carrier (GC), as well as safety concerns for the GC. Over 3% of all embryo transfers done in the United States involve GCs. Recent review has revealed high perinatal risks associated with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for GCs. Compared to spontaneous conception, which the GC is familiar with, GCs using IVF have increased risk for twins and triplets of 20 and 46 fold, respectively. The resultant perinatal mortality rates are increased 4-6 fold. Costs in the first year of life for multiples are 5 to 20 times greater than for singletons. As GC cycles continue to increase, we must develop strategies to reduce perinatal risks for GCs and their offspring.Recent findings: Recent advances in IVF with pre-implantation genetic testing allow detection of euploidy for all 24 chromosomes. Elective single embryo transfer has reduced the risk of multiple pregnancy, preterm delivery and perinatal morbidity for women across the age spectrum.Summary: Elective euploid single embryo transfer, through the use of PGT, allows for very high pregnancy rates while reducing perinatal morbidity to natural levels. Both multiple gestation and miscarriage are dramatically reduced. Implementation of this technology in GCs will greatly enhance the safety of pregnancies, protecting this vulnerable population of altruistic women.

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Section: Gestational Carriers and Risk Of Multiplesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Gestational Carriers and Risk Of Multiplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Time has come: Gestational Carrier and the Use of Pre-implantation Genetic Testing (PGT)

Nulsen

Grow

Makhijani

2019

COGO

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“…A smaller percent involve the mother carrying her own pregnancy with donated sperm or eggs. Only about 1.7% of those needing assisted reproductive support utilize a gestational carrier, with about 750 babies born to gestational carriers each year (Murugappan et al, 2018;Perkins et al, 2016). In addition to fulfilling the dreams of family building for heteronormative couples struggling with infertility, assisted reproduction has opened the door to family building for nontraditional couples, transgendered persons who previously might have had to choose between reproduction and gender reassignment, and anyone wishing or needing to delay family building while also preserving fertility.…”

Section: Incidence and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Evaluations for Assisted Reproductive Intervention: Guidelines for Clinical Practice

Rosenquist

2020

J Health Serv Psychol

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Psychological factors present significant concerns when assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are needed, whether for the treatment of infertility or for nontraditional family building. Psychological evaluation of all parties involved is recommended when treatment involves gamete donation or the services of a gestational carrier. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) has offered guidelines for the psychological evaluation of involved individuals. These ASRM guidelines appear long and complex, but a careful reading suggests they are fairly similar to a routine in-depth psychological evaluation. This article reviews the process of doing an assisted reproductive psychological evaluation, the most critical psychosocial topics to explore, and assessment of the psychological capacity to successfully participate in an assisted reproductive procedure. Report preparation is also covered.

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“…This third party, who is the surrogate mother, becomes pregnant with the knowledge that she must delegate all parental rights to parents who own the fetus (5) . The most common indications of the surrogacy include the uterine absence, recurrent pregnancy loss, recurrent IVF failure, dangerous obstetric and medical conditions result in high risk pregnancy (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Reproductive Health Care program for Surrogate Mothers: A Mixed Methods study

Kohan

Oloonabadi

Farajzadegan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Surrogacy has become an alternative family formation option for women who are unable to carry a pregnancy. There is no comprehensive care program despite the different nature of this pregnancy. The present study aimed to develop a reproductive health care program for surrogate mothers within the cultural and social context of Iran.Methods: In the present sequential exploratory mixed methods study, first through a qualitative approach surrogate mothers, care providers, and policy makers of reproductive health services were selected purposefully. Data were collected by using the in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed. A care program draft was designed by integrating results of the qualitative study and reviewing the literature and guidelines, then appropriateness of each proposed care was assessed by a two- rounds Delphi technique (RAM) and the final reproductive health care program for surrogate mothers was developed.Results: The surrogate mothers' reproductive health needs were summarized in four main categories: surrogate mothers' extra care, educational training, psychological support, and protecting against surrogacy`s social and familial consequences. The reproductive health care program for surrogate mothers were developed in four sections: pre-pregnancy health screenings and legal counseling; special care during embryo transfer until pregnancy confirmation; psychological support and prenatal care of surrogacy until delivery and follow-up postpartum care.Discussion: Women face many challenges in surrogacy and need special cares such as legal counseling, reproductive health care, and psychological support. Implementation of this care program seems to help improve the reproductive health of these mothers.

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Gestational carrier in assisted reproductive technology

Abstract: GC benefits LBRs for some patients seeking ART. The highest LBRs occurred when the indication for GC was uterine-factor infertility.

Cited by 31 publications

References 33 publications

The Time has come: Gestational Carrier and the Use of Pre-implantation Genetic Testing (PGT)

The Time has come: Gestational Carrier and the Use of Pre-implantation Genetic Testing (PGT)

Psychological Evaluations for Assisted Reproductive Intervention: Guidelines for Clinical Practice

A Reproductive Health Care program for Surrogate Mothers: A Mixed Methods study

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