Germline development in amniotes: A paradigm shift in primordial germ cell specification

Bertocchini, Federica; Lopes, Susana M. Chuva de Sousa

doi:10.1002/bies.201600025

Cited by 26 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…First, although the mechanisms of primordial germ cell specification in birds is controversial, it is clear that there is no specific point of "germ line/soma www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ differentiation". Apparently, the primordial germ cells are developed from pluripotent cells in the maternally specified embryonic region due to induction by factors transiently secreted by adjacent cells 13 . Second, as far as we know, a preferential chromosome segregation in mitotic divisions has never been described.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) in the sand martin and the pale martin (Hirundinidae, Aves): synapsis, recombination and copy number variation

Malinovskaya

Zadesenets

Карамышева

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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GmbH, Germany). The location of each captured immunostained spread was recorded so that it could be relocated on the slide after FISH. Electron microscopy was carried out using a JEM-1400 electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at 80 kV. All microscopy studies were carried out at the Center for Microscopic Analysis of Biological Objects of SD RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia). Corel PaintShop Pro X6 (Corel) was used for a correction of image brightness and contrast. Chromosome measurements and generation of recombination maps of GRCs. Centromeres were identified by ACA foci. MLH1 signals were only scored if they were localized on SCs. The length of the SC was measured in micrometers and the positions of MLH1 foci in relation to the centromere were recorded using MicroMeasure 3.3 30. SCs of GRC and macrochromosomes were identified by their relative lengths and centromeric indexes. SC1 is the largest submetacentric. SC2 and SC3 are large subacrocentrics of similar sizes but different centromeric indexes. SC4 is middle size metacentric, SC5 and SC6 are subacrocentrics of the same size, which differ from each other in the centromeric indexes. On bone marrow metaphase chromosome spreads, Z and W are identified as a pair of non-matching macrochromosomes: metacentric and submetacentric (correspondingly). At SC spreads, ZW is identified as macrobivalent with misaligned centromeres and/or asynapsed ends of the axial elements. GRC is identified as the only acrocentric macrobivalent or univalent. To generate recombination maps, we divided the length of the SC into equal intervals approximately equal to 1 µm and plotted the proportion of MLH1 foci located in each interval. STATISTICA 6.0 software package (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA) was used for descriptive statistics. All results were expressed as mean ± SD; p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) in the sand martin and the pale martin (Hirundinidae, Aves): synapsis, recombination and copy number variation

Malinovskaya

Zadesenets

Карамышева

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Two mechanisms which animals use to differentiate primordial germ cells from somatic cells are preformation and epigenesis (Wylie, 1999;Extavour and Akam, 2003;Magnúsdóttir and Surani, 2014;Bertocchini and Chuva de Sousa Lopes, 2016). Zebrafish, like several other genetic models (C. elegans, Xenopus, and Drosophila) rely on the preformation mechanism, using maternally derived germ plasm as a specialized structure required (Hashimoto et al, 2014;Miranda-Rodríguez et al, 2017) and sufficient (Bontems et al, 2009) for the specification of the germline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregation, segregation, and dispersal of homotypic germ plasm RNPs in the early zebrafish embryo

Eno

Hansen

Pelegri

2019

Developmental Dynamics

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Background In zebrafish and many other organisms, specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) requires the transmission of maternally‐derived germ plasm. Zebrafish germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) aggregate along the cleavage furrows during the first several cell cycles, segregate asymmetrically during the cleavage stages, and undergo cytoplasmic dispersal in the late blastula. Results For all tested germ plasm RNAs [carbonic anhydrase 15b (ca15b), deleted in azoospermia‐like (dazl), dead end (dnd), nanos 3 (nos3), regulator of G‐protein signaling14a (rgs14a), and vasa/DEAD box polypeptide 4 (vasa/ddx4)], RNPs are homotypic (containing a single RNA type), with RNPs packing tightly yet remaining distinct within germ plasm aggregates. Homotypic clustering of RNAs within RNPs is observed before aggregation in the cortex and is maintained through germ plasm recruitment, asymmetric segregation and RNP dispersal. We also identify a step of germ plasm fragmentation during the cleavage stages that precedes RNP dispersal. Conclusions Our findings suggest that germ plasm aggregates act as subcellular compartments that temporarily collect and carry single RNA‐type RNPs from fertilization until their cytoplasmic dispersal in PGCs at the end of the blastula period, and describe a previously unknown fragmentation step that allows for an increase in the pool of germ plasm‐carrying cells, presumably PGCs. Developmental Dynamics 248:306–318, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…In Xenopus, which uses the inherited mode, transplanted PGCs generate lineages of the three germ layers [11]. These results suggest that despite diferent speciication modes, both types of PGCs still require signaling from extrinsic sources to maintain their fate as fully determined PGCs [12]. Hence, even though the two mechanisms seem starkly diferent, there may be a common underlying signaling mechanism which is universal.…”

Section: Inductive Modementioning

confidence: 98%

Germ Cell Specification: The Evolution of a Recipe to Make Germ Cells

Krishnakumar¹,

Dosch²

2018

Germ Cell

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Multicellular species use gametes for their propagation. Gametes are formed from primordial germ cells (PGCs), which develop during embryogenesis. In some species, PGCs are speciied by the inheritance of a RNA granule known as germ plasm. During germ cell speciication, the germ plasm conveys a unique set of properties, e.g. the germ cell speciic meiotic cell cycle to the PGCs. Germ plasm assembly is controlled by independently evolving organizer proteins like Oskar in Drosophila or Bucky ball in zebraish. These organizers are intrinsically disordered proteins, which rapidly changed their amino acid sequence during evolution. A common recipe has emerged by studies on organizer proteins for animals that use germ plasm to specify their germline. Investigating the nature of these organizers might therefore provide a clue to germ cell speciication in other species, which are less accessible to molecular-genetic and embryological approaches. Moreover, we might understand how the irst metazoans modiied their existing cellular structures from unicellular eukaryotes to ensure their reproduction.

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Germline development in amniotes: A paradigm shift in primordial germ cell specification

Cited by 26 publications

References 92 publications

Germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) in the sand martin and the pale martin (Hirundinidae, Aves): synapsis, recombination and copy number variation

Germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) in the sand martin and the pale martin (Hirundinidae, Aves): synapsis, recombination and copy number variation

Aggregation, segregation, and dispersal of homotypic germ plasm RNPs in the early zebrafish embryo

Germ Cell Specification: The Evolution of a Recipe to Make Germ Cells

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