1980
DOI: 10.1007/bf00346465
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Germination, reproduction and interference in the amphicarpic annual Emex spinosa (L.) Campd

Abstract: A comparison was made of the dimorphic subterranean and aerial achenes of the annual Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. Subterranean achenes were less dormant, had a higher percentage of viability, germinated at a faster rate, were less temperature-dependent in germination and produced larger seedlings than aerial achenes. Subterranean achenes germinated, equally well in light or dark but aerial achenes had a strong light requirement. There was a linear relationship between numbers of weight of aerial achenes and plant … Show more

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Cited by 95 publications
(94 citation statements)
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“…These fruits co-develop with vegetative growth along the shoot internodes. In contrast, subterranean achenes are produced at the base of the plant, lack spines, are never shed from the mother plant (Evenari et al 1977), and produce seedlings that are more competitive compared to aerial achenes (Weiss 1980). After germination, the plant grows into a rosette, at which stage subterranean flowering occurs.…”
Section: Natural Historymentioning
confidence: 94%
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“…These fruits co-develop with vegetative growth along the shoot internodes. In contrast, subterranean achenes are produced at the base of the plant, lack spines, are never shed from the mother plant (Evenari et al 1977), and produce seedlings that are more competitive compared to aerial achenes (Weiss 1980). After germination, the plant grows into a rosette, at which stage subterranean flowering occurs.…”
Section: Natural Historymentioning
confidence: 94%
“…After germination, the plant grows into a rosette, at which stage subterranean flowering occurs. As far as conditions allow (Weiss 1980), the plant continues to grow, while maturing subterranean fruit and developing a shoot that carries aerial flowers on the internodes.…”
Section: Natural Historymentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Amphicarpaea bracteata is a classical example (Schnee & Wailer 1986). At the further stage plants produce cleistogamous flowers and fruits only below the ground, like in Emex spinosa (Weiss 1980) and Cardamine chenopodifolia (Cheplick 1983). At last, an intriguing form of amphicarpy has evolved, called pessimistic by Zeide (1978).…”
Section: Hypothetical Evolution Of Amphicarpy and Its Ecological Consmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this study we analyze flower production and sex ratio in response to light intensity of 2 populations of Emex spinosa (L.) Campd., a Mediterranean amphicarpic annual that occurs in habitats with different levels of environmental variation (Weiss, 1980;Ortiz et al, 2009;Sadeh et al, 2009). Architectural effects have been previously found to affect reproductive traits of Emex spinosa (Ortiz et al, 2009), and we postulate that architecture may also be affected by environmental conditions; in particular, we could expect a different degree of phenotypic plasticity at different architectural levels.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%