Germination of Spores of the Orders <i>Bacillales</i> and <i>Clostridiales</i>

Setlow, Peter; Wang, Shiwei; Li, Yongqing

doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093558

Cited by 187 publications

(328 citation statements)

References 121 publications

(294 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

301

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…That CLE action can speed up CaDPA release from spores upon stimulation of spore germination is known (Setlow et al . ), although not the specific mechanism for this effect. However, why the absence of GRs also decreases the rate of CaDPA release triggered by CTAB is not clear, and this is not the case with dodecylamine germination (Setlow et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Outgrowth follows the germination of dormant spores, and requires synthesis of both RNA and protein (Setlow et al . ). CTAB has also been used to potentiate the sporicidal activity of agents such as tert‐butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide (Banerjee et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Dormant spores of Bacillus species can germinate in response to both nutrient or non‐nutrient germinants, and these agents trigger CaDPA release, which in turn triggers hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan cortex by cortex‐lytic enzymes (CLEs), swelling of the spore core and then completion of the germination process (Setlow et al . ). Nutrient germinants trigger germination by activating specific germinant receptors (GRs) in spores’ IM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims To investigate effects of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a disinfectant, on spores of Bacillus species. Methods and Results The ability of CTAB to trigger release of Bacillus spores’ large depot of dipicolinic acid (DPA) in a 1 : 1 chelate with Ca2+ (CaDPA), and to kill spores was investigated. CTAB‐triggered CaDPA release from spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium, but was not followed by completion of germination. CaDPA release triggered by CTAB increased at higher temperatures, and was optimal for B. subtilis spores at pH 9·4 and 30 μg ml−1 CTAB. CTAB also killed Bacillus spores as shown by plate counts and vital staining of treated dormant spores, and after their germination. However, B. cereus and B. megaterium spores were more CTAB‐sensitive than were B. subtilis spores. CaDPA release from and killing of CTAB‐treated spores of isogenic B. subtilis mutants lacking germination proteins was also examined, and compared with effects of the well‐known germinant dodecylamine on spores, to determine how CTAB exerts its effects on spores. Conclusions The results of this investigation showed that CTAB kills spores of three Bacillus species, perhaps by damaging the spore inner membrane, although it is also possible that some killing by this agent follows its triggering of spore germination. Significance and Impact of the Study The results of this work indicate that CTAB is also a disinfectant, but also a sporicide, and may be a useful adjunct in spore decontamination, especially at higher temperatures.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Amino acids are frequently used as germinants. For example, in B. subtilis , spores germinate in response to L-alanine or to the combination of L-asparagine, D-glucose, D-fructose and potassium ions (AGFK) [23]. The GerA germinant receptor (a combination of GerAA, GerAB and GerAC proteins) of B. subtilis recognizes L-alanine as a germinant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical recognition of amino acid co-germinants during Clostridioides difficile spore germination

Shrestha

Sorg

2018

Anaerobe

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bile acids are an important signal for germination of Clostridioides difficile spores; however, the bile acid signal alone is not sufficient. Amino acids, such as glycine, are another signal necessary for germination by C. difficile spores. Prior studies on the amino acid signal required for germination have shown that there is a preference for the amino acid used as a signal for germination. Previously we found that d-alanine can function as a co-germinant for C. difficile spores at 37 °C but not at 25 °C. Here, we tested the ability of other amino acids to act as co-germinants with taurocholate (TA) at 37 °C and found that many amino acids previously categorized as non-co-germinants are co-germinants at 37 °C. Based on the EC values calculated for two different strains, we found that C. difficile spores recognize different amino acids with varying efficiencies. Using this data, we ranked the amino acids based on their effect on germination and found that in addition to d-alanine, other D-forms of amino acids are also used by C. difficile spores as co-germinants. Among the different types of amino acids, ones with branched chains such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine are the poorest co-germinants. However, glycine is still the most effective amino acid signal for both strains. Our results suggest that the yet-to-be-identified amino acid germinant receptor is highly promiscuous.

show abstract

“…1 These spores are highly resistant to harsh environmental factors such as stomach acid, extreme temperatures, and pharmaceutically relevant antibiotics. 5 As the spores travel through the gastrointestinal tract, various endogenous bile salts stimulate the spores to germinate into vegetative, toxin 1,5–10 .producing C. difficile cells. In most cases, the vegetative C .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Design, Synthesis, and Characterizations of Spore Germination Inhibitors Effective against an Epidemic Strain of Clostridium difficile

Sharma

Yip

Esposito³

et al. 2018

J. Med. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), particularly those caused by the BI/NAP1/027 epidemic strains, are challenging to treat. One method to address this disease is to prevent the development of CDI by inhibiting the germination of C. difficile spores. Previous studies have identified cholic amide m-sulfonic acid, CamSA, as an inhibitor of spore germination. However, CamSA is inactive against the hypervirulent strain R20291. To circumvent this problem, a series of cholic acid amides were synthesized and tested against R20291. The best compound in the series was the simple phenyl amide analogue which possessed an IC50 value of 1.8 μM, more than 225 times as potent as the natural germination inhibitor, chenodeoxycholate. This is the most potent inhibitor of C. difficile spore germination described to date. QSAR and molecular modeling analysis demonstrated that increases in hydrophobicity and decreases in partial charge or polar surface area were correlated with increases in potency.

show abstract

Germination of Spores of the Orders Bacillales and Clostridiales

Cited by 187 publications

References 121 publications

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Hierarchical recognition of amino acid co-germinants during Clostridioides difficile spore germination

The Design, Synthesis, and Characterizations of Spore Germination Inhibitors Effective against an Epidemic Strain of Clostridium difficile

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About