Germination of Exhumed Weed Seed in Nebraska

Burnside, O. C.; Fenster, C. R.; Evetts, L. L.; Mumm, R. F.

doi:10.1017/s0043174500063761

Cited by 80 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, V. rossicum seeds likely have limited longevity in the seedbank, as we observed low emergence in the second year (2008) and even lower emergence in the third year (2009). Additionally, seeds from the closely-related Apocynum cannabinum L. (hemp dogbane) have been reported to have almost no seed dormancy, with the majority of buried seeds germinating within one year after sowing and germination below 1% after 4 years (Burnside et al 1981). Thus, seeds that did not emerge in our experiment were probably lost due to a combination of predation, decay, and movement to deeper soil depths, from where they would be unable to emerge (Chambers and MacMahon 1994;Harper 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Establishment of the invasive perennial Vincetoxicum rossicum across a disturbance gradient in New York State, USA

et al. 2010

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Vincetoxicum rossicum (pale swallowwort) is a non-native, perennial, herbaceous vine in the Apocynaceae. The species' abundance is steadily increasing in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Little is known about Vincetoxicum species recruitment and growth. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment in New York State to address this knowledge gap. We determined the establishment, survival, and growth of V. rossicum during the first 2 years after sowing in two old fields subjected to four disturbance regimens. We hypothesized that establishment and survival would be higher in treatments with greater disturbance. At the betterdrained location, overall establishment was 15 ± 1% [mean ± standard error] and did not differ among treatments. At the poorly drained location, establishment varied by treatment; mowed and control plots had greater establishment [10 ± 2%] than herbicide ? tillage and herbicide-only plots [1.6 ± 0.5%]. Of those seedlings that emerged, overall survival was high at both locations (70-84%). Similarly, total (above ? belowground) biomass was greater in herbicide ? tillage and herbicide-only plots than in mowed and control plots at both locations. Thus, V. rossicum was successful in establishing and surviving across a range of disturbance regimens particularly relative to other old field species, but growth was greater in more disturbed treatments. The relatively high-establishment rates in old field habitats help explain the invasiveness of this Vincetoxicum species in the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Establishment of the invasive perennial Vincetoxicum rossicum across a disturbance gradient in New York State, USA

et al. 2010

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“…Helianthus annuus recruitment is seed limited (Neeser, Dille & Mortensen, unpublished), where small seed banks are less likely to yield reproductive adult plants. While evidence suggests that seeds of the common sunflower are naturally long‐lived in the seed bank with a small proportion germinating each year (Burnside et al . 1981, 1996), the seeds are favoured by many granivores (Pilson 2000; Alexander et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic forcing on the spatial dynamics of an agricultural weed: the case of the common sunflower

Humston¹,

Mortensen²,

Bjørnstad

2005

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary1. Establishment and spread are central in weed invasion. In this study we quantified the impact of harvest and weed management practices on these processes in row-crop agriculture. Quantifying the dynamics of patch expansion can direct management aimed at containment of weed populations. 2. We assessed annual patterns of common sunflower Helianthus annuus seedling recruitment to determine the influence of management on seed dispersal and patch expansion. Weed seed banks were sowed at three initial densities and exposed to either high or low intensity weed management. Fields were maintained in a maize-soybean crop rotation, with cultivation and harvest orientated in a single direction. We analysed spatial pattern in annual seedling recruitment using geostatistics and an integro-difference model to determine treatment effects on spatial dynamics. 3. The two spatial analyses allowed us to separate and quantify the contributions of natural and anthropogenic dispersal to seedling emergence and patch expansion. Expansion was predominantly isotropic, and estimated rates of isotropic spread (i.e. diffusion) were consistent between analysis methods. 4. We also confirmed that directional management practices can effect significant anisotropy on dispersal and expansion. Crop rotation had the greatest impact on expansion; anisotropy in patch expansion was more pronounced in maize compared with soybean. However, the scale of weed seed dispersal by machine (combine harvester) was greater following harvest of soybean. Simulation of patch dynamics indicated that harvest can increase expansion rate nearly fourfold. 5. Synthesis and applications. Patches of H. annuus originating from intermediate and high seed bank densities had the potential to spread rapidly from the source population. Patches with a low initial seed bank experienced extinction when subjected to high levels of chemical weed management. The combined approach of spatial modelling and geostatistics was particularly effective for quantifying admixed modes of dispersal from sequential data of population distribution. Independence of the two methods provided a system for cross-validating model assumptions and estimated parameters. The scales of spatial dynamics we assessed were well suited to these methods. The results of the analysis underscore the importance of managing populations in order to keep local populations at low densities. Helianthus annuus is difficult to manage and once intermediate or high local densities are reached, the rate of spread is accelerated, distributing this weed widely across fields. A targeted site-specific approach to maintaining populations at low levels would reduce the necessity for more costly field-wide management.

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“…Similarly, our results are generally consistent with Toole & Brown's (1946) summary of Duvel's experiment, which reports that, depending on burial depth, 45–67% of seeds of H. annuus survived for 1 year. One report, the Burnside et al . (1981) buried seed experiment (at 23 cm depth), which revealed only 1–2% annual germination of wild sunflower, does differ greatly from our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We sowed seeds under different field conditions to evaluate seed persistence over several years. A study of seed survival was important because literature estimates of wild sunflower seed survival and germination are variable (Toole & Brown 1946; Burnside et al . 1981; Burnside et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of soil seed banks and newly dispersed seeds in population dynamics of the annual sunflower, Helianthus annuus

Alexander

Schrag

2003

Journal of Ecology

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Summary 1We explored the role of the seed bank in population dynamics of the summer annual Helianthus annuus . First, we determined seed survival under field conditions. Secondly, we conducted an experiment in which a dispersal treatment (plants allowed/not allowed to disperse seeds) was crossed with a soil disturbance treatment that was predicted to increase seed bank recruitment. Our goal was to evaluate the relative importance of the previous year's seed production vs. the remainder of the seed bank to numbers of plants. 2 Yearly seed survival was variable, ranging from 46 to 83% when seeds were buried in mesh packets and from 12 to 76% for seeds placed on the soil surface. Survival was higher for plots established in 1999 than in 2000. Survival was often higher in later years but was unaffected by the presence of litter.3 By comparing seedling establishment between dispersal treatments, we inferred that approximately 10-23% of the seedlings were from the seed bank, independent of soil disturbance. 4 Although seed dispersal the previous year led to increased numbers of seedlings by at least 4.5 times, the number of adults only increased 2.5 times and head production only increased 1.5 times because of density-dependent processes. 5 Patches of seedlings emerging only from the seed bank (often at low densities) may have a disproportionate contribution to the next generation. Average head production/ seedling was 3.6 for such seedlings vs. 0.8 for seedlings from both the previous year's seed set and the seed bank. Emergence of seeds from the seed bank in high-density seedling areas may, however, have little effect on patch reproduction as reproductive output was asymptotically related to the number of seedlings initially present. Studies of seed survival and seedling biology should therefore be done with consideration of the entire life cycle.

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Germination of Exhumed Weed Seed in Nebraska

Cited by 80 publications

References 18 publications

Establishment of the invasive perennial Vincetoxicum rossicum across a disturbance gradient in New York State, USA

Establishment of the invasive perennial Vincetoxicum rossicum across a disturbance gradient in New York State, USA

Anthropogenic forcing on the spatial dynamics of an agricultural weed: the case of the common sunflower

Role of soil seed banks and newly dispersed seeds in population dynamics of the annual sunflower, Helianthus annuus

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