Germination of Botrytis cinerea conidia in vitro in relation to nutrient conditions on leaf surfaces

Blakeman, J.P.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(75)80006-4

Cited by 48 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In distilled water on hydrophobic polyethylene surfaces, conidia of the wild-type and both mutants showed similar germination rates (data not shown; Doehlemann et al, 2006a). On hydrophilic glass surfaces, germination of B. cinerea conidia is usually nutrient dependent (Doehlemann et al, 2005;Blakeman, 1975). On glass slides in solutions containing glucose, acetate or 1 % malt extract, germination rates were also similar for all strains.…”

Section: Phenotypic Characterization Of Glk1 and Hxk1 Mutantsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…It prefers to infect soft and senescing tissues, causing serious damage in fruits and vegetables (Droby & Lichter, 2004). Spore germination and infection are strongly stimulated in the presence of sugars, in particular fructose (Blakeman, 1975;Benito et al, 1998). Recently, a transporter specific for fructose has been characterized, but its physiological role remains unclear (Doehlemann et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Botrytis cinerea hexokinase, Hxk1, but not the glucokinase, Glk1, is required for normal growth and sugar metabolism, and for pathogenicity on fruits

Rui

Hahn

2007

Microbiology

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Hexose kinases play a central role in the initiation of sugar metabolism of living organisms and have also been implicated in carbon catabolite repression in yeasts and plants. In this study, the genes encoding glucokinase (Glk1) and hexokinase (Hxk1) from the plant-pathogenic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea were isolated and functionally characterized. Glk1-deficient mutants were indistinguishable from the wild-type in all growth parameters tested. In contrast, Dhxk1 mutants lacking Hxk1 showed a pleiotropic growth defect. On artificial media, vegetative growth was retarded, and conidia formation strongly reduced. No or only marginal growth of Dhxk1 mutants was observed when fructose, galactose, sucrose or sorbitol were used as carbon sources, and fructose inhibited growth of the mutant in the presence of other carbon sources. B. cinerea mutants containing hxk1 alleles with point mutations leading to enzymically inactive enzymes showed phenotypes similar to the Dhxk1 disruption mutant, indicating that loss of hexose phosphorylation activity of Hxk1 is solely responsible for the pleiotropic growth defect. Virulence of the Dhxk1 mutants was dependent on the plant tissue: on leaves, lesion formation was only slightly retarded compared to the wild-type, whereas only small lesions were formed on apples, strawberries and tomatoes. The low virulence of Dhxk1 mutants on fruits was correlated with their high contents of sugars, in particular fructose. Heterologous expression of Hxk1 and Glk1 in yeast allowed their enzymic characterization, revealing kinetic properties similar to other fungal hexokinases and glucokinases. Both Dglk1 and Dhxk1 mutants showed normal glucose repression of secreted lipase 1 activity, indicating that, in contrast to yeast, B. cinerea hexose kinases are not involved in carbon catabolite repression. INTRODUCTIONHexose kinases are crucial enzymes for most living cells, by catalysing the intracellular trapping and feeding into metabolism of the hexoses glucose and fructose after their uptake. In addition, hexokinases have been shown in yeast, plants and mammals to participate in glucose signalling (De Winde et al., 1996;Moore et al., 2003;Efrat et al., 1994). Saccharomyces cerevisiae has three enzymes catalysing hexose phosphorylation, namely hexokinases (EC 2 . 7 . 1 . 1) Hxk1 and Hxk2, and glucokinase (EC 2 . 7 . 1 . 2) Glk1. Each of these enzymes can support growth on glucose, while either of the two hexokinases is required for growth on fructose (Lobo & Maitra, 1977;Gancedo et al., 1977). Hxk2, in addition, is mainly required for catabolite repression, which prevents the expression of genes involved in catabolism of less preferred carbon sources in the presence of a more favourable nutrient such as glucose (Entian, 1980). In the presence of glucose, Hxk2 interacts with the carbon catabolite repressor Mig1 and thereby is translocated into the nucleus. In the nucleus, the Hxk2-Mig1 complex seems to form a repressor complex that binds to the promoters of carbon-catabolite-repressible genes (Ahuatzi ...

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Section: Phenotypic Characterization Of Glk1 and Hxk1 Mutantsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Botrytis cinerea hexokinase, Hxk1, but not the glucokinase, Glk1, is required for normal growth and sugar metabolism, and for pathogenicity on fruits

Rui

Hahn

2007

Microbiology

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“…The results presented here show that type as well as amount of nutrient is important since sucrose reduced disease incidence, whereas yeast extract increased it. Yeast extract may be more effectively utilised by B. cinerea since it most probably contains both carbohydrates and nitrogen, which are required for germination (Blakeman 1975). Normally fruit surfaces are rich in nutrients (Blakeman 1980), but there may be active competition from other epiphytic microflora which limit the success of B. cinerea establishment (Blakeman 1975).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yeast extract may be more effectively utilised by B. cinerea since it most probably contains both carbohydrates and nitrogen, which are required for germination (Blakeman 1975). Normally fruit surfaces are rich in nutrients (Blakeman 1980), but there may be active competition from other epiphytic microflora which limit the success of B. cinerea establishment (Blakeman 1975). Sharrock & Hallett (1992) observed that B. cinerea can be chemically inhibited and/or out-competed by other microorganisms present on kiwifruit picking scars.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of host and pathogen factors on disease incidence resulting from artificial inoculation of kiwifruit byBotrytis cinema

Wurms

Long

Ganesh

1998

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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The effects of various host and pathogen factors on disease incidence of Botrytis cinerea (Persoon: Fries) in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa 'Hayward' (A.Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson) were studied in artificial inoculation trials. High inoculum levels ( 25 000 spores/stem scar) and addition of yeast extract to spore suspensions significantly increased infection. There was no effect of fruit water potential on disease incidence, but total infection decreased when fruits were harvested later in the season or exposed to a curing treatment (6-24 h at 20°C).

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“…Pritchard et al (1996) observed that the bract and foliage infected area increased during the postproduction, if the temperature is increased both at day and night time from 16 to 22 o C during the poinsettia production. Higher temperature was considered to increase turgor pressure that resulted in the extracellular leakage of nutrients, salts and sugars in the bract and to the leaf surface which influence the germination of Botrytis cinera conidia (Blakeman, 1975 C. Also, it has been observed that ~ 34% lateral shoots were broken at a relatively lower temperature and 4% at a higher temperature while the night temperature was maintained at 20 o C with the day temperature was 30 or 37 o C (Faust et al, 1998). Too low average daily temperatures cause slowed plant development, delayed color development, reduced bract size and elicited lower leaf loss from poinsettia plants (Whipker, 1999).…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Postharvest behavior and keeping quality of potted poinsettia: a review

Islam

Joyce

2015

Res. Agric. Livest. Fish.

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Poinsettia is one of the most important potted plants in the ornamentals industry. The most attractive parts of the poinsettia are its bracts and cyathia. Stem breakage, bract fading, bract edge burn (BEB), bract bruising and bract discoloration reduce its ornamental value. The ornamental value of poinsettia is affected by both pre-and postharvest factors. During cultivation as well as after harvest, sub-optimal or improper supply and / or management of temperature, light, relative humidity, nutrition and hygiene affect the quality of potted poinsettia. A low K : Ca ratio can reduce the incidence of bract necrosis and stem breakage. These disorders are negatively affected by high K and NH4-N fertilizer due to an antagonistic relationship with Ca. Spraying either CaCl2 or Ca(NO3)2 (400mg/l of Ca per week) or a silicon spray (7.12 mM Na2SiO3) and increasing the transpiration rate by reducing the relative humidity can reduce the incidence and severity of bract necrosis. Appropriate variety selection can lessen the risks of leaf drop and BEB. Propagating with thick stemmed cuttings (> 7.5 mm diameter) and carefully watering of plants can also help to prevent stem breakage. The optimum temperature range to achieve expected bract color, size and bud formation during the growth period is 16 to 22 Islam and JoycePostharvest behavior and keeping quality of potted poinsettia Res.

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Germination of Botrytis cinerea conidia in vitro in relation to nutrient conditions on leaf surfaces

Cited by 48 publications

References 10 publications

The Botrytis cinerea hexokinase, Hxk1, but not the glucokinase, Glk1, is required for normal growth and sugar metabolism, and for pathogenicity on fruits

The Botrytis cinerea hexokinase, Hxk1, but not the glucokinase, Glk1, is required for normal growth and sugar metabolism, and for pathogenicity on fruits

Influence of host and pathogen factors on disease incidence resulting from artificial inoculation of kiwifruit byBotrytis cinema

Postharvest behavior and keeping quality of potted poinsettia: a review

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