Germination and seedling development of switchgrass and smooth bromegrass exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

Peterson, Megan; Horst, Garald L.; Shea, Patrick J.; Comfort, Steve D.

doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(97)00175-9

Cited by 42 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Smooth bromegrass was employed because it is a dominant plant growing in TNT‐contaminated soil at the former Nebraska Ordnance Plant near Mead, Nebraska, USA. Previous studies had shown that germination and early seedling growth of smooth bromegrass could occur on agar plates containing TNT at 30 mg/L [5,27]. In this paper we demonstrate the capability of smooth bromegrass to transform TNT into ADNTs through identification of TNT metabolites and mass balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Fate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in axenic sand culture systems containing smooth bromegrass

Sun

Horst

Drijber

et al. 2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Plants have the potential to metabolize the munition 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in contaminated soils, sediments, and natural waters. However, microbial interference must be eliminated to demonstrate an intrinsic capacity for the metabolism of TNT by plants. An axenic sand culture system for smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) was established to investigate the influence of TNT on smooth bromegrass growth and metabolism. Shoot length growth was inhibited by 40% after 14 d of exposure to TNT at 36 mg/L in the sand solution, whereas photosynthetic and respiration rates were similar to controls. Addition of [ 14 C]-labeled TNT to the system resulted in the roots containing 21.3% and the shoots containing 3.8% of the radioactivity. The [ 14 C]TNT in media that contained plants was reduced about 50% compared to media without plants. Trace amounts (0.03%) of the initial [ 14 C]TNT was converted to 14 CO 2 during a 5-d incubation period. The TNT and its metabolites were observed in root and shoot extracts by radiochromatographic analysis. The major TNT metabolites identified were 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene. Previous exposure of the plants to TNT did not increase TNT metabolism or prevent reduction of shoot length growth. From these results we concluded that smooth bromegrass is capable of taking up and metabolizing TNT.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Fate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in axenic sand culture systems containing smooth bromegrass

Sun

Horst

Drijber

et al. 2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Recent reports have described assays with a variety of plant systems such as yellow nutsedge (163), bush bean (100), switchgrass (172), aquatic and wetland species (21,22,23,48,112,166,240), axenic root cultures (112), and hybrid poplar (230). In most studies, TNT transformation by plants was accompanied by the appearance of its monoamino derivatives 2-and 4-ADNT.…”

Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

417

287

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Nitroaromatic compounds are xenobiotics that have found multiple applications in the synthesis of foams, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and explosives. These compounds are toxic and recalcitrant and are degraded relatively slowly in the environment by microorganisms. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most widely used nitroaromatic compound. Certain strains of Pseudomonas and fungi can use TNT as a nitrogen source through the removal of nitrogen as nitrite from TNT under aerobic conditions and the further reduction of the released nitrite to ammonium, which is incorporated into carbon skeletons. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and other fungi mineralize TNT under ligninolytic conditions by converting it into reduced TNT intermediates, which are excreted to the external milieu, where they are substrates for ligninolytic enzymes. Most if not all aerobic microorganisms reduce TNT to the corresponding amino derivatives via the formation of nitroso and hydroxylamine intermediates. Condensation of the latter compounds yields highly recalcitrant azoxytetranitrotoluenes. Anaerobic microorganisms can also degrade TNT through different pathways. One pathway, found in Desulfovibrio and Clostridium, involves reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene; subsequent steps are still not known. Some Clostridium species may reduce TNT to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes, which are then further metabolized. Another pathway has been described in Pseudomonas sp. strain JLR11 and involves nitrite release and further reduction to ammonium, with almost 85% of the N-TNT incorporated as organic N in the cells. It was recently reported that in this strain TNT can serve as a final electron acceptor in respiratory chains and that the reduction of TNT is coupled to ATP synthesis. In this review we also discuss a number of biotechnological applications of bacteria and fungi, including slurry reactors, composting, and land farming, to remove TNT from polluted soils. These treatments have been designed to achieve mineralization or reduction of TNT and immobilization of its amino derivatives on humic material. These approaches are highly efficient in removing TNT, and increasing amounts of research into the potential usefulness of phytoremediation, rhizophytoremediation, and transgenic plants with bacterial genes for TNT removal are being done

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“…The types of whole plants that have been studied include the bush bean (Harvey et al 1990), hybrid poplar (Thompson et al 1998), soybean (Adamia et al 2006), switchgrass (Peterson et al 1998), ryegrass (Sung et al 2004), yellow nutsedge (Palazzo and Leggett 1986) and a variety of wetland species (Best et al 1999a, b, Bhadra et al 1999a, b, Burken et al 2000, Gorge 1994, Paquin et al 2004, Pavlostathis et al 1998. Some investigators have used cell cultures , Vanek et al 2002, Vila et al 2005 or plant extracts (Medina et al 2004) to differentiate between degradation by the plant cells vs the associated microflora.…”

Section: Macrophytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoleune (TNT) in Coastal Waters and Sediments

Walker¹,

Osburn²,

Boyd³

et al. 2006

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)11 Unclassified Unclassified UnclassifiedUnlimited 42Michael T. Montgomery 202-404-6419Mineralization rates of 14C-TNT, -DNT, and -DAT were measured in surface sediments, with depth in sediment cores, and in the water column during 12 research cruises over the past 4 years in the San Francisco Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and Hawaii. Mineralization rates were also compared to uptake and incorporation rates of TNT, DNT, and DAT into the natural microbial assemblage. In general, the bacterial mineralizations rates were similar, or an order of magnitude faster, than those for organic hydrocarbons measured at the same time. Using seawater sampled from a historical UXO field, we found that while bacterial mineralization was rapid (>1 ug L-1 d-1, unfiltered water in dark), photodegradation was even faster (16 ug L-1 d-1, filtered water in light) and the combination of light and unfiltered water was greater than the sum of the two rates (103 ug L-1 d-1), suggesting either that the prescnce of active phytoplankton is important or photodegradation enhances bacterial mineralization.

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Germination and seedling development of switchgrass and smooth bromegrass exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

Cited by 42 publications

References 16 publications

Fate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in axenic sand culture systems containing smooth bromegrass

Fate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in axenic sand culture systems containing smooth bromegrass

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Mineralization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoleune (TNT) in Coastal Waters and Sediments

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