Germanium enrichment in sphalerite with acicular and euhedral textures: an example from the Zhulingou carbonate-hosted Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China

Luo, Kai; Cugerone, Alexandre; Zhou, Mei‐Fu; Zhou, Jia‐Xi; Sun, Guotao; Xu, Jing; He, Kang-Jian; Lu, Mao-Da

doi:10.1007/s00126-022-01112-4

Cited by 39 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…In addition, because of the limited isotopic fractionation during TSR either under excess or limited sulfate conditions, we suggest that TSR was not the factor that resulted in the large S isotopic variations in the Nayongzhi deposit (21.2‰; Zhou et al., 2018). Multiple S reservoirs can potentially explain the S isotopic variations in different hydrothermal systems, such as the Navan (Gagnevin et al., 2012) and Zhulingou (Luo et al., 2022) deposits. In the study area, reduced S was likely derived from sedimentary sulfate as there is no evidence for bacteriogenic or magma‐related S in the Nayongzhi deposit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphalerite Records Cd Isotopic Signatures of the Parent Rocks in Hydrothermal Systems: A Case Study From the Nayongzhi Zn–Pb Deposit, Southwest China

Song,

Zhu,

Wen

et al. 2024

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Metal stable isotopes (e.g., Zn, Cd, and Cu) have been used to track metal sources in different types of hydrothermal systems. However, metal isotopic variations in sulphides could be triggered by various factors such as mineral precipitation and fluid mixing. Thus, tracking the metal sources of hydrothermal systems is still a big challenge for metal isotopes. In this study, we investigated the Cd isotopic systematics of sphalerite from the Nayongzhi Zn–Pb deposit, which is a Mississippi Valley‐type (MVT) deposit in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou mineralization province (SYGMP). We reinterpreted the published S isotope data for the SYGMP and found that the large S isotopic variations were controlled by Rayleigh fractionation between sulphide and reduced S. As such, a model that involves mixing of a metal‐rich fluid with a reduced S pool formed by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) can explain the ore formation in the Nayongzhi deposit. Based on this model, no Cd isotopic fractionation was observed due to its low solubility in fluids during mixing, and thus the Cd isotopic variations of sphalerite were inherited from the source rocks. The large range of Zn/Cd ratios and uniform Cd isotopic compositions of the sulphides are similar to those of igneous rocks but different from those of sedimentary rocks, indicating that Zn and Cd were derived mainly from basement rocks (e.g., migmatite, gneiss, and granulite). Our results reaffirm that metal stable isotopes, particularly Cd isotope compositions of sphalerite, are powerful geochemical tracers for investigating the formation mechanisms of ore deposits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphalerite Records Cd Isotopic Signatures of the Parent Rocks in Hydrothermal Systems: A Case Study From the Nayongzhi Zn–Pb Deposit, Southwest China

Song,

Zhu,

Wen

et al. 2024

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…This indicates that the Sr/Ba ratios are increased during the mineralization process. In addition, The Th/U ratios of altered dolostone from the Banbianjie deposit are between 0.29 and 0.88, which are quite different from those of hydrothermal calcite and dolomite (0.26-241) and barite (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). This implies that the Th/U ratios of hydrothermal fluids have an evolutionary trend of increasing first and then decreasing.…”

Section: Evolution Of Ore-forming Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Industrial germanium mainly comes from lead-zinc mines and coal mines [2,3]. There are many Ge-rich Pb-Zn deposits hosted by Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the Middle-Upper Yangtze Block, China [3][4][5]. The genesis of these Ge-rich Pb-Zn deposits has attracted widespread attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study area is located in the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block, SW China, which is an important part of the Western Hunan-Eastern Guizhou (WHEG) Pb-Zn metallogenic belt and contains many dispersed element-rich Pb-Zn deposits (such as Cdrich Niujiaotang and Ge-rich Zhulingou and Banbianjie) [4][5][6][7][8]. The distribution of these deposits is jointly controlled by the WE-trending Huangsi and NE-trending Mandong faults [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trace Elements of Gangue Minerals from the Banbianjie Ge-Zn Deposit in Guizhou Province, SW China

Zhou

Meng

et al. 2023

Minerals

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There are many dispersed element-rich Pb-Zn deposits hosted by Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the Middle-Upper Yangtze Block, China. The origin and nature of the ore-forming fluids that formed them are still much debated (syngenetic vs. epigenetic). The Banbianjie Ge-Zn deposit is located in the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block, SW China. It is a newly discovered medium-sized Zn (Zn metal reserves > 0.39 Mt, @1.78%–9.5% Zn) and large-scale Ge deposit (Ge metal resources > 900 t, @100 × 10−6–110 × 10−6 Ge) in the Western Hunan–Eastern Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic belt, SW China. Gangue minerals in the Banbianjie deposit are very developed, including calcite, dolomite and barite, which are closely associated with sulfides. Hence, the trace elements of gangue minerals could be used to trace the nature, source and evolution of ore-forming fluids, and the ore genesis of this deposit can be discussed. These gangue minerals are nearly horizontally distributed in the plot of La/Ho-Y/Ho, suggesting that they are the products of the same hydrothermal fluids. The total rare earth element (∑REE) contents from calcite and dolomite to barite show an increasing trend, indicating that the REEs in the ore-forming fluids were mainly enriched in barite. Hence, the ∑REE of barite can approximately represent the ΣREE of the hydrothermal fluids, which are quite similar to those of the underlying strata, indicating that the ore-forming fluids were likely originated from and/or flowed through them. The Eu anomalies from dolomite (Eu/Eu* = 0.33–0.66) to calcite (Eu/Eu* = 0.29–1.13) and then to barite (Eu/Eu* = 1.64–7.71) show an increasing trend, suggesting that the ore-forming fluids experienced a shift in the ore-forming environment from reduced to oxidized. Hence, the source of the Banbianjie Ge-Zn deposit is the underlying strata, and the ore-forming physical–chemical condition has experienced a transition from reduction to oxidation during the Ge-Zn mineralization. The ore genesis of the Banbianjie Ge-Zn deposit is most likely a Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit.

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“…Sphalerite is the predominant ore mineral of lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) deposits and hosts various trace elements, such as Cd, Ga, Ge, In, and other dispersed elements [1][2][3][4][5][6]. These elements have diverse applications in many high-tech fields [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Geochemistry of Sphalerite and Metallogenic Constraints: A Case Study from Nanmushu Zn–Pb Deposit in the Mayuan District, Shaanxi Province, China

Hui-xin

Cheng

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The Nanmushu Zn–Pb deposit is a large-scale and representative deposit in the Mayuan ore field on the northern margin of the Yangtze Block. This study investigates the trace element geochemistry of sphalerite from this deposit using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results show that the main trace elements in sphalerite include various trace elements, such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ag, Cd, Pb, Co, Hg, Tl, In, Sn, and Sb. Among them, Ag, Ge, Cd, and Cu are valuable components that may be recovered during mineral processing or smelting techniques. The histograms, LA-ICP-MS time-resolved depth profiles, and linear scan profiles indicated that most trace elements occur in sphalerite as isomorphs, while partial Pb, Fe, and Ag occur as tiny mineral inclusions. The correlation diagrams of trace elements revealed that Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Tl3+ can substitute Zn2+ in sphalerite through isomorphism. In sphalerite, Cd2+ and Hg2+ together or Mn2+, Pb2+, and Tl3+ together can replace Zn2+, i.e., ((3Mn, 3Pb, 2Tl)6+, 3(Cd, Hg)2+) ↔ 3Zn2+. Moreover, there is a mechanism of Ge4+ with Cu+ or Ga3+ with Cu+ replacing Zn2+ in the Nanmushu deposit, i.e., Ge4+ + 2Cu+↔ 3Zn2+ or 2Ga3+ + 2Cu+↔ 4Zn2+. Furthermore, the trace element compositions indicate that the Nanmushu Zn mineralization occurred under low-temperature conditions (<200 °C) and should be classified as a Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit. This study provides new insights into the occurrence and substitution mechanisms of trace elements in sphalerite and the metallogenic constraints of the Nanmushu deposit.

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Germanium enrichment in sphalerite with acicular and euhedral textures: an example from the Zhulingou carbonate-hosted Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China

Cited by 39 publications

References 84 publications

Sphalerite Records Cd Isotopic Signatures of the Parent Rocks in Hydrothermal Systems: A Case Study From the Nayongzhi Zn–Pb Deposit, Southwest China

Sphalerite Records Cd Isotopic Signatures of the Parent Rocks in Hydrothermal Systems: A Case Study From the Nayongzhi Zn–Pb Deposit, Southwest China

Trace Elements of Gangue Minerals from the Banbianjie Ge-Zn Deposit in Guizhou Province, SW China

LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Geochemistry of Sphalerite and Metallogenic Constraints: A Case Study from Nanmushu Zn–Pb Deposit in the Mayuan District, Shaanxi Province, China

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