Germanium as negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries

Baggetto, Loïc; Keum, Jong K.; Browning, James F.; Veith, Gabriel M.

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2013.05.025

Cited by 207 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…4 Co-Sn alloys [28,29], Ge [30][31][32][33] and In [34]. Tin [7][8][9][10][11][12] and antimony [15][16][17][18] are particularly interesting since they can store up to 3.75 and 3 Na/M (M=Sn, Sb), corresponding to large expected storage capacities of 847 and 660 mAh g -1 , respectively.…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electrochemical reactions of SnO2 with Li and Na: A study using thin films and mesoporous carbons

Górka

Baggetto

Keum

et al. 2015

Journal of Power Sources

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Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electrochemical reactions of SnO2 with Li and Na: A study using thin films and mesoporous carbons

Górka

Baggetto

Keum

et al. 2015

Journal of Power Sources

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“…[ 445 ] Ge is also theoretically predicted not to be capable of storing Na in its crystalline structure; [ 419 ] therefore, most works have focused on amorphous Ge in thin fi lm and nanowire form. [ 419,[446][447][448] The fi rst report of Ge as a NIB anode material indicated that the amorphous Ge thin fi lm delivered a reversible capacity of 350 mA h g −1 for 15 cycles. [ 448 ] A recent work by Kohandehghan et al also experimentally revealed that crystalline Ge exhibits a capacity of less than 20 mA h g −1 (Figure 18 d, top), whereas amorphorized Ge nanowires exhibited a capacity 370 mA h g −1 (Figure 18 d, bottom).…”

Section: Silicon and Germaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Kim

Zhang

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

868

595

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Grid‐scale energy storage systems (ESSs) that can connect to sustainable energy resources have received great attention in an effort to satisfy ever‐growing energy demands. Although recent advances in Li‐ion battery (LIB) technology have increased the energy density to a level applicable to grid‐scale ESSs, the high cost of Li and transition metals have led to a search for lower‐cost battery system alternatives. Based on the abundance and accessibility of Na and its similar electrochemistry to the well‐established LIB technology, Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted significant attention as an ideal candidate for grid‐scale ESSs. Since research on NIB chemistry resurged in 2010, various positive and negative electrode materials have been synthesized and evaluated for NIBs. Nonetheless, studies on NIB chemistry are still in their infancy compared with LIB technology, and further improvements are required in terms of energy, power density, and electrochemical stability for commercialization. Most recent progress on electrode materials for NIBs, including the discovery of new electrode materials and their Na storage mechanisms, is briefly reviewed. In addition, efforts to enhance the electrochemical properties of NIB electrode materials as well as the challenges and perspectives involving these materials are discussed.

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“…[4][5][6] However, particularly regarding the anode side, the identification of long-term stable, environmentally friendly, and abundant active materials, providing high specific capacities and operating at a reasonably low potential, is still considered to be one of the major challenges for this technology. 4,6,7 So far, research activities basically focused on hard carbons, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] organic compounds like sodium terephthalate or carboxylates, [15][16][17][18] alloying materials such as Sn, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Sb, 28,29 or Ge, 30 conversion materials, [31][32][33][34] or titanium-based insertion materials like Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 [35][36][37] or Li 4 Ti 5 O 12. 38 Generally, insertion materials offer substantial advantages compared to alloying or conversion materials with respect to safety issues, long-term cycling stability, and frequently also environmental friendliness as well as natural abundance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanocrystalline TiO₂(B) as Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Wu¹,

Bresser²,

Buchholz³

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

111

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High surface area, nanostructured, and phase-pure TiO 2 (B) noodles-like secondary particles were successfully synthesized by a facile one-pot synthesis, based on the hydrolysis of TiCl 3 using a mixture of ethylene glycol and water at moderate temperature. The primary nanoparticles have a uniform size and are about 15 nm in diameter as determined by TEM analysis and exhibit an increased exposure of the (010) facet as indicated by XRD analysis. Unlike the electrochemical reaction with lithium, the application as sodiumion electrode material reveals substantial differences, including the initial amorphization of the TiO 2 (B) particles, accompanied by a partial irreversibility of the sodium storage, presumably related to sodium trapping inside the active material particles and the absence of a stable solid electrolyte interphase, as indicated by galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Besides, TiO 2 (B)-based electrodes show a stabilized reversible capacity of about 100 mAh g −1 and a very good C rate capability. While sodium-ion batteries were initially considered only as lowcost alternative for lithium-ion batteries with a particular focus on their application as stationary energy storage devices, 1-3 recent developments indicated that such devices might provide even similar energy densities in case suitable cathode and anode active materials are combined. [4][5][6] However, particularly regarding the anode side, the identification of long-term stable, environmentally friendly, and abundant active materials, providing high specific capacities and operating at a reasonably low potential, is still considered to be one of the major challenges for this technology. 4,6,7 47 Among these, the best results in terms of specific capacity, long-term cycling stability, and high rate capability were certainly reported for anatase TiO 2 . [40][41][42][43] However, the reversible sodium storage mechanism is obviously different from the classic (de-)insertion mechanism known for lithium, [48][49][50][51][52][53] as an initial reduction of TiO 2 to metallic titanium and an amorphous sodium titanate occurs. 42 TiO 2 (B) is a very well performing anode material for lithium-ion applications, 54-60 but so far -to the best of our knowledge -only one study reported its application as sodium-ion active material. The electrochemical performance, which might be best described by a rather rapid initial capacity fading and a low reversible capacity of about 50 mAh g −1 , is certainly not that promising, 47 although this might be also related to the cut-off potentials of 3.0 and 0.8 V vs. Na/Na + . Besides, the authors observed a rather huge expansion of the (001) 3+ and Ti 4+ at the nanotubes surface, while the general morphology of the tubes remained after sodiation. Consequently, a solid solution mechanism for the reversible sodium ion (de-)insertion comparable to the lithium ion storage mechanism was proposed.Herein, however, we show that TiO 2 (B) -similarly to anatase TiO 2 -presents a rath...

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Germanium as negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries

Cited by 207 publications

References 12 publications

The electrochemical reactions of SnO2 with Li and Na: A study using thin films and mesoporous carbons

The electrochemical reactions of SnO2 with Li and Na: A study using thin films and mesoporous carbons

Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Nanocrystalline TiO₂(B) as Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

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Germanium as negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries

Cited by 207 publications

References 12 publications

The electrochemical reactions of SnO2 with Li and Na: A study using thin films and mesoporous carbons

The electrochemical reactions of SnO2 with Li and Na: A study using thin films and mesoporous carbons

Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Nanocrystalline TiO2(B) as Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

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Nanocrystalline TiO₂(B) as Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries