Germanium and its Inorganic Compounds.

Johnson, Otto H.

doi:10.1021/cr60160a002

Cited by 60 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…Ge II is liable to be oxidized aerobically to Ge IV . [15] Therefore, apparent catalytic activity when GeBr 2 was used might have been the result of the formation of Ge IV species during the reaction process. The fact that HMF yield was reduced to 2.1 % was in line with our speculation when the reaction was performed with 10 mol % GeBr 2 under a N 2 atmosphere.…”

Section: Conversion Of Glucose Catalyzed By Different Germanium Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Germanium(IV) Chloride in Ionic Liquids

et al. 2010

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Direct conversion of carbohydrates into 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) catalyzed by germanium(IV) chloride in ionic liquids has been investigated in search of an efficient and environmentally friendly process. Monosaccharides D‐fructose and D‐glucose, disaccharides sucrose and maltose, and even the polysaccharide cellulose were successfully converted into HMF with good yields under mild conditions (yield up to 92 % in 5 min in the case of fructose). The structure of ionic liquids, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and water content had noticeable effects on this catalytic system. Addition of 5 Å molecular sieves during the dehydration of glucose resulted in an increase in HMF yield from 38.4 % to 48.4 %. A mechanism for glucose conversion to HMF catalyzed by germanium(IV) chloride was proposed according to 13C NMR spectra obtained in situ under different conditions using D‐glucose‐2‐13C as the substrate.

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Section: Conversion Of Glucose Catalyzed By Different Germanium Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Germanium(IV) Chloride in Ionic Liquids

et al. 2010

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“…[ [ 17 ] Let us assume that X2 and Y2 in Eq. [8] and [9] represent the peroxide and fluoride reagents, respectively; the pair of adsorption and dissociation steps might then be K1 H202 + 2Ge.~ 2(Ge--OH) [ 6 According to Sidgwick (16}, the predominating anionic species in hydrofluoric acid solutions is HF2-.…”

Section: -~-Kx1/2cx21/2 -~-Ky1/2cy21/2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For constant[H202] and if we assume that HF, the rate-limiting reagent, acts only on the oxidized surface sites, then Eq [17]. becomes Although Eq [15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Etching of Germanium in the System HF-H[sub 2]O[sub 2]-H[sub 2]O

Schwartz

1967

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The etching of germanium in the system HF-H202-H20 has been studied, and comparisons are made with results obtained from the HF-HNO3-H~O system. Strong crystal-orientation influences and relatively high apparent activation energies are observed; surface reactivity and subsequent removal of reaction products are consequently proposed as rate limiting in the etching reaction. On the basis of equilibrium in the adsorption-dissociation steps, an equation is derived which describes the rate data obtained over the entire concentration and temperature ranges studied. Evidence is presented to show that divalent germanium is the prime oxidation state leaving the (100) and (Ill) surfaces. GeOF2 is postulated as one of the reaction products leaving the (ll0) surface.) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 152.14.136.77 Downloaded on 2015-03-29 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 152.14.136.77 Downloaded on 2015-03-29 to IP

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“…While it is generally considered that F-ions are not specifically adsorbed on mercury (17), it is possible that they adsorb on germanium, especially since not only the tetrafluoride but also stable fluogermanates (18) are known. The possibility exists that one of the two maxima in KF solutions is associated with a change in the anodic mechanism, e.g., oxidation of germanium to H~GeF, rather than H~GeO,.…”

Section: Fluoride Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reaction of Germanium with Aqueous Solutions

Harvey

Gatos

1960

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The dissolution of single-crystal germanium has been studied in electrolyte solutions containing dissolved oxygen. The following electrolytes were considered: KF, KC1, KBr, KI, NaNOs, Na~SO,, CsC1, BaCh, and LaCh. In the range 10 -6 to 1.0N, the dissolution rate typically goes through a maximum as ExperimentalThe experimental techniques employed were, in many respects, similar to those described earlier (1). The reagent grade salts employed were not further purified, since consistent results were obtained with such salts from different sources. The KHF~ was purified by recrystallization. Certain improvements in the procedure for single-crystal samples, as well as the technique employed with powdered samples, will be described briefly. Powdered samples.--These experiments were performed using a conventional Warburg apparatus. 65 ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 128.192.114.19

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Germanium and its Inorganic Compounds.

Cited by 60 publications

References 58 publications

Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Germanium(IV) Chloride in Ionic Liquids

Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Germanium(IV) Chloride in Ionic Liquids

Chemical Etching of Germanium in the System HF-H[sub 2]O[sub 2]-H[sub 2]O

The Reaction of Germanium with Aqueous Solutions

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