Germ-Free Animals

Luczynski, Pauline; Neufeld, Karen‐Anne McVey; Clarke, Gerard; Dinan, Timothy G.; Cryan, John F.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802304-4.00007-4

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 165 publications

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“…[81] When the microbiota is depleted (either in GF or antibiotic-treated animals), the immune response is profoundly altered. [7,81] At least some of these immune irregularities in GF mice can be restored by colonization with a normal microbiota [82] or with specific probiotic strains. [83] Additionally, some probiotics have been shown to attenuate pro-inflammatory profiles in cases of pathogen exposure or clinical disease states.…”

Section: Immune Modulation Is a Key Communication Pathway In The Micrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specificity of these findings is likely reflective of the fact that differences in microbiota composition across human participants are far more subtle and varied than the stark contrast to be expected between conventionally raised and GF mice. [7] …”

Section: Amygdala Morphology and Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, germ-free facilities impose substantial logistical restrictions on experimental protocols and access to specialized behavioral equipment within the germ free environment. [7] Thus far, the use of microbial manipulations to test for brain region-specific effects has largely focused on the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. [8][9][10][11][12] However, we are now beginning to understand that the same microbial manipulations may also have implications for the amygdala.…”

Section: Introduction: the Microbiota-gut-brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gutsy Moves: The Amygdala as a Critical Node in Microbiota to Brain Signaling

et al. 2017

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The amygdala is a key brain area regulating responses to stress and emotional stimuli, so improving our understanding of how it is regulated could offer novel strategies for treating disturbances in emotion regulation. As we review here, a growing body of evidence indicates that the gut microbiota may contribute to a range of amygdala-dependent brain functions from pain sensitivity to social behavior, emotion regulation, and therefore, psychiatric health. In addition, it appears that the microbiota is necessary for normal development of the amygdala at both the structural and functional levels. While further investigations are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of microbiota-to-amygdala communication, ultimately, this work raises the intriguing possibility that the gut microbiota may become a viable treatment target in disorders associated with amygdala dysregulation, including visceral pain, post-traumatic stress disorder, and beyond. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/O5gvxVJjX18

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Section: Immune Modulation Is a Key Communication Pathway In The Micrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amygdala Morphology and Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction: the Microbiota-gut-brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gutsy Moves: The Amygdala as a Critical Node in Microbiota to Brain Signaling

et al. 2017

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“…There is also evidence for gut-resident microbes altering a variety of host behaviors not limited to food choice or food seeking. Studies in rodents have identified the gut microbiome as an important modulator of host anxiety and social behaviors (Bravo et al, 2011;Luczynski et al, 2016). C. elegans and other nonmammalian models can likely serve as systems for uncovering the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms of many of these complex microbiome-gutbrain interactions.…”

Section: It Is Not Yet Known What Concentration Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reduced aversion to an innocuous cue is a desired treatment for anxiety-related disorders. Consistently, microbiome diversity has been shown to affect anxious behaviors: anxiety-like phenotypes in germ-free mice can be rescued with microbial colonization, although these findings are inconclusive across behavioral assays, mouse strains, and microbiome composition (Luczynski et al, 2016). In humans, consumption of a probiotic bacterium was shown to improve symptoms of depression, with amino acid metabolites differing between treatment and control groups (Pinto- Sanchez et al, 2017).…”

Section: It Is Not Yet Known What Concentration Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Mind Control

Matty

Chalasani

2020

Cell Host & Microbe

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Bioengineered 3D Tissue Model of Intestine Epithelium with Oxygen Gradients to Sustain Human Gut Microbiome

Chen

Rudolph

Longo

et al. 2022

Adv Healthcare Materials

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The human gut microbiome is crucial to hosting physiology and health. Therefore, stable in vitro coculture of primary human intestinal cells with a microbiome community is essential for understanding intestinal disease progression and revealing novel therapeutic targets. Here, a three‐dimensional scaffold system is presented to regenerate an in vitro human intestinal epithelium that recapitulates many functional characteristics of the native small intestines. The epithelium, derived from human intestinal enteroids, contains mature intestinal epithelial cells and possesses selectively permeable barrier functions. Importantly, by properly positioning the scaffolds cultured under normal atmospheric conditions, two physiologically relevant oxygen gradients, a proximal‐to‐distal oxygen gradient along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and a radial oxygen gradient across the epithelium, are distinguished in the tissues when the lumens are faced up and down in cultures, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of the low oxygen gradients supported the coculture of intestinal epithelium along with a complex living commensal gut microbiome (including obligate anaerobes) to simulate temporal microbiome dynamics in the native human gut. This unique silk scaffold platform may enable the exploration of microbiota‐related mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and host‐pathogen dynamics in infectious diseases including the potential to explore the human microbiome‐gut‐brain axis and potential novel microbiome‐based therapeutics.

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Germ-Free Animals

Cited by 9 publications

References 165 publications

Gutsy Moves: The Amygdala as a Critical Node in Microbiota to Brain Signaling

Gutsy Moves: The Amygdala as a Critical Node in Microbiota to Brain Signaling

Microbial Mind Control

Bioengineered 3D Tissue Model of Intestine Epithelium with Oxygen Gradients to Sustain Human Gut Microbiome

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