Germ cell development in the descended and cryptorchid testis and the effects of hormonal manipulation

Ong, Chloe; Hasthorpe, Suzanne; Hutson, John M.

doi:10.1007/s00383-005-1382-0

Cited by 78 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…These non-chromatin compartments range in size from tenths of a micrometre to several micrometres, and can be discerned immunologically with antibodies against specific marker proteins. The 'vacuole' represents an apparently primate-specific nuclear domain emerging in human spermatogonia only after birth (for review, see Ong et al (2005)); there are, however, scant reports of similar structures in 'undifferentiated' spermatogonia of the neonatal mouse testis (Dettin et al 2003) and also of juvenile Utp14b jsd mutant mice (Bolden-Tiller et al 2007, Chiarini-Garcia & Meistrich 2008. Our finding that a highly conserved component of the eukaryotic RNA-degradation machinery, EXOSC10, specifically accumulates within the chromatin rarefaction zones suggests that this longknown nuclear structure may function as a nucleolusrelated nuclear RNA-processing body characteristic of the rarely proliferating or long cycling spermatogonia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential marker protein expression specifies rarefaction zone-containing human Adark spermatogonia

Kopylow¹,

Staege²,

Spiess³

et al. 2012

Reproduction

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It is unclear whether the distinct nuclear morphologies of human A dark (Ad) and A pale (Ap) spermatogonia are manifestations of different stages of germ cell development or phases of the mitotic cycle, or whether they may reflect still unknown molecular differences. According to the classical description by Clermont, human dark type A spermatogonium (Ad) may contain one, sometimes two or three nuclear 'vacuolar spaces' representing chromatin rarefaction zones. These structures were readily discerned in paraffin sections of human testis tissue during immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses and thus represented robust morphological markers for our study. While a majority of the marker proteins tested did not discriminate between spermatogonia with and without chromatin rarefaction zones, doublesex-and mab-3-related transcription factor (DMRT1), tyrosine kinase receptor c-Kit/CD117 (KIT) and proliferation-associated antigen Ki-67 (KI-67) appeared to be restricted to subtypes which lacked the rarefaction zones. Conversely, exosome component 10 (EXOSC10) was found to accumulate within the rarefaction zones, which points to a possible role of this nuclear domain in RNA processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential marker protein expression specifies rarefaction zone-containing human Adark spermatogonia

Kopylow¹,

Staege²,

Spiess³

et al. 2012

Reproduction

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“…In our synthesis, we summarize what is known from model species, augmented with observations on larger animals. We urge study of detailed reviews (Hutson et al 1992, Heyns & Hutson 1995, Ong et al 2005) and especially Klonisch et al (2004). Also refer Jost (1953) and van der Schoot & Emmen (1996).…”

Section: Process Of Testis Descentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals

2007

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Cryptorchidism is failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Primary fault lies in the testis. We provide a unifying cross-species interpretation of testis descent and urge the use of precise terminology. After differentiation, a testis is relocated to the scrotum in three sequential phases: abdominal translocation, holding a testis near the internal inguinal ring as the abdominal cavity expands away, along with slight downward migration; transinguinal migration, moving a cauda epididymidis and testis through the abdominal wall; and inguinoscrotal migration, moving a s.c. cauda epididymidis and testis to the bottom of the scrotum. The gubernaculum enlarges under stimulation of insulin-like peptide 3, to anchor the testis in place during gradual abdominal translocation. Concurrently, testosterone masculinizes the genitofemoral nerve. Cylindrical downward growth of the peritoneal lining into the gubernaculum forms the vaginal process, cremaster muscle(s) develop within the gubernaculum, and the cranial suspensory ligament regresses (testosterone not obligatory for latter). Transinguinal migration of a testis is rapid, apparently mediated by intra-abdominal pressure. Testosterone is not obligatory for correct inguinoscrotal migration of testes. However, normally testosterone stimulates growth of the vaginal process, secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve to provide directional guidance to the gubernaculum, and then regression of the gubernaculum and constriction of the inguinal canal. Cryptorchidism is more common in companion animals, pigs, or humans (2-12%) than in cattle or sheep (%1%). Laboratory animals rarely are cryptorchid. In respect to non-scrotal locations, abdominal testes predominate in cats, dogs, and horses. Inguinal testes predominate in rabbits, are common in horses, and occasionally are found in cats and dogs. S.c. testes are found in cattle, cats and dogs, but are most common in humans.

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“…6 In addition, it has been shown that UDT inhibits the differentiation of primitive germ cells, starting at 4 to 12 months, which is crucial for the production of germ cells that subsequently enable spermatogenesis. 7 Delayed repositioning of an undescended testis may result in a reduction in germ cell development and low testicular volume, potentially diminishing subsequent fertility. 8 Given these findings, there has been a general consensus that early orchidopexy improves results associated with markers of fertility and testicular malignancy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%