Germ cell cluster formation and ovariole structure in Puto albicans and Crypticerya morrilli (Hemiptera: Coccinea). Phylogenetic implications

Abstract

Abstract. The organization and development of ovaries in representatives of two families (Putoidae and Monophlebidae) of scale insects are described. Developing ovaries of Puto albicans McKenzie, 1967 and Crypticerya morrilli (Cockerell, 1914) consist of numerous clusters of cystocytes that are arranged in the form of rosettes. At the end of the last nymphal instar these clusters start to protrude from the interior of the ovary into the body cavity and the ovarioles begin to be formed. The ovary of a young female is composed of about 200 spherical telotrophic ovarioles devoid of terminal filaments. The ovarioles of C. morrilli contain 8 germ cells (7 trophocytes and a single oocyte). From 25 to 45 germ cells (23-43 trophocytes and 2 or 3 oocytes) occur in the ovarioles of P. albicans. An ovariole of an adult female is subdivided into a trophic chamber (tropharium), vitellarium and ovariolar stalk (pedicel). At each stage of development, the ovaries are accompanied by large cells (termed bacteriocytes) that contain endosymbiotic microorganisms. The organization of the ovary in P. albicans is more similar to that in archaeococcoid scale insects than in neococcoid taxa. In contrast, the number of germ cells per ovariole in C. morrilli is not typical of other archaeococcoids, but resembles the derived condition seen in other iceryine taxa. The classification and phylogeny of scale insects are discussed in the light of these results.

Endosymbiotic microorganisms of aphids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea): Ultrastructure, distribution and transovarial transmission

“…As a consequence, in the ovaries of an adult female these bacteria are present both in trophocytes and oocytes. This mode of transmission has never been observed in other aphids but is quite common in scale insects (Buchner, 1965;Niżnik & Szklarzewicz, 2007;Szklarzewicz et al, 2010Szklarzewicz et al, , 2013. In contrast to the situation encountered in Stomaphis quercus, the third type of microorganisms was not observed in germ cells of Eulachnus rileyi.…”

“…Extensive, histological investigations by Buchner (1965) and more recent ultrastructural studies (Cheng & Hou, 2001;Szklarzewicz & Moskal, 2001;Szklarzewicz et al, 2006Szklarzewicz et al, , 2010Szklarzewicz et al, , 2013Sacchi et al, 2008;Kuechler et al, 2010Kuechler et al, , 2011Matsuura et al, 2012;Swiatoniowska et al, 2013) have shown that during hemipteran evolution various modes of inheritance of endosymbiotic microorganisms by subsequent generations have developed. The extracellular gut bacteria that are typical of most the heteropterans so far examined (i.e.…”

“…Buchner, 1965;Szklarzewicz & Moskal, 2001;Szklarzewicz et al, 2006Szklarzewicz et al, , 2010Szklarzewicz et al, , 2013Sacchi et al, 2008;Kuechler et al, 2012Kuechler et al, , 2013Swiatoniowska et al, 2013 for further details). Both the histological studies of Buchner (1965Buchner ( , 1966Buchner ( , 1967) and more recent ultrastructural studies (Cheng & Hou, 2001;Szklarzewicz & Moskal, 2001;Szklarzewicz et al, 2006Szklarzewicz et al, , 2010Szklarzewicz et al, , 2013Sacchi et al, 2008;Kuechler et al, 2011Kuechler et al, , 2012Koga et al, 2012;Matsuura et al, 2012;Swiatoniowska et al, 2013) have revealed that the latter transmission of endosymbionts (termed transovarial transmission) may differ even in closely related groups of hemipterans. The endosymbiotic microorganisms may invade young germ cells termed cystocytes (i.e.…”

“…The ovaries may be invaded by whole intact bacteriocytes or by bacteria released from the cytoplasm of bacteriocytes. Within hemipterans scale insects exhibit the greatest diversity of modes of transovarial transmission of endosymbionts (Buchner, 1965(Buchner, , 1966(Buchner, , 1967Szklarzewicz et al, 2006Szklarzewicz et al, , 2010Szklarzewicz et al, , 2013Niżnik & Szklarzewicz, 2007). Observations on the behaviour of endosymbiont in aphids (Buchner, 1965;Braendle et al, 2003;Miura et al, 2003;Wilkinson et al, 2003;Pyka-Fosciak & Szklarzewicz, 2008;Koga et al, 2012) have shown that these insects unlike other hemipterans are characterized by a rather uniform mode of transmission of microorganisms from mother to offspring.…”

Ovaries of Puto superbus and Ceroputo pilosellae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea): Morphology, ultrastructure, phylogenetic and taxonomic implications

“…Büning, 1985;Książkiewicz-Kapralska, 1985;Huebner, 1981;Biliński et al, 1990;Simiczyjew et al, 1998;Szklarzewicz, 1998a;Štys et al, 1998;Szklarzewicz et al, 2000Szklarzewicz et al, , 2009. In contrast to the ovarioles of other hemipterans, the ovarioles of scale insects do not possess terminal filaments and contain a small number of germ cells in each ovariole and single oocyte in the vitellarium (scale insect synapomorphies) (Książkiewicz, 1980;Szklarzewicz & Biliński, 1995;Szklarzewicz, 1997Szklarzewicz, , 1998aKoteja et al, 2003;Szklarzewicz et al, 2002Szklarzewicz et al, , 2005Szklarzewicz et al, , 2010Szklarzewicz et al, , 2013Niżnik & Szklarzewicz, 2007). It is noteworthy that their ovaries appeared to be so different from those of other hemipterans that they were formerly classified as polytrophic (Jura, 1958;Magakyan et al, 1975).…”