Geotectonics and Geodynamics of Paleozoic Structures From the Perspective of Plume Tectonics: A Case of Kazakhstan

Abstract

Based on data from comprehensive studies of the international geotraverse system in Kazakhstan, lithosphere models were constructed to a depth of 100-200 km, which revealed the heterogeneous block structure of the upper mantle. The asthenosphere in geosuture zones rises to the level of 80-100 km, and asthenoliths penetrate into the earth's crust above the Moho border. The penetration of the plume and the intrusion of mantle and asthenosphere substances into the lithosphere led to a local uplift and the formation of a stationary nucleus, bounded by geosutures of the ring structure of the Kazakh continent -Qazaqia. The formation of such a peculiar geological structure is associated with the effect of superplumes in the Paleozoic and is clearly visible on geological and tectonic maps. In all paleogeographic reconstructions of the Paleozoic, Kazakhstan is shown as an isolated and integral continent. The pulsation of the planet and the gradual penetration of the mantle superplume into the lithosphere caused vertical movements in Qazaqia. Depending on the direction of the inclination angles of deep faults, the geosutures extending into the mantle represented compression or extension zones with a width of tens to hundreds of kilometers or more. Molten mantle substances with ore-bearing substances penetrated into these weakened zones, sometimes reaching the Earth's surface. The proposed model of the geodynamic development of Kazakhstan's territory can serve as a theoretical basis for forecasting mineral deposits.

Results of Experimental Georadar Surveys of Railway Sections

“…The survey step is 50 cm (one measurement between the sleepers), and the scan is 256 nsec. Transverse georadar profiles through the embankments of the new and old railway tracks in places of visible violations of the embankment structure [10][11][12][13][14][15]. A georadar system comprises a transducer or antenna that emits and receives signals and a control unit that generates signals.…”

Computation of the Height Reference Surface for the Territory of the Republic of Albania

“…Based on the geoid definition, more accurate geopotential models are developed. These mathematical functions approximating the Earth gravitational field in 3D space can be considered as a benchmark for geodesy itself [1]. They provide the ability to calculate orthometric heights and elevation changes in conjunction with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning [2][3][4].…”

Geology, magmatism and specific features of mineralization of Bakyrchik ore field (Eastern Kazakhstan)

“…Tectonic shifts, the manifestation of metamorphism of various stages (mainly the green shale stage) contributed to the redeposition and concentration of gold due to the rejuvenation of primary volcanogenicsedimentary gold and its introduc tion from deep magmatic sources. A largescale deposit with mineralization of veininterspersed, vein and stockwork types was formed [1].…”

“…The geological structure of the Bakyrchik ore field is pre sented in the works [1,2]. The base of the incision is repre sented by a thickness of dark gray fillitized pelitolites (D3bm2).…”