Geotechnics of Pipeline System Response to Earthquakes

O’Rourke, Thomas D.; Jezerski, Jeremiah; Olson, Nathaniel A.; Bonneau, A. L.; Palmer, Michael C.; Stewart, Harry E.; O’Rourke, Michael; Abdoun, Tarek

doi:10.1061/40975(318)193

Cited by 53 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…As explained by O'Rourke et al (2008), a special conveyor system was fabricated to move large quantities of soil and facilitate soil placement in about 4 to 5 days. Soil for a typical experiment was placed in seven 200 mm lifts and one top lift of 100 mm.…”

Section: Large-scale Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geohazards and large, geographically distributed systems

O’Rourke¹

2010

Géotechnique

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A general classification for scale in geotechnical engineering is used to explore the modelling of large, geographically distributed systems and their response to geohazards. Both component and network performance are reviewed. With respect to components, prototypescale experiments of underground pipeline response to abrupt ground deformation are described, including control of soil properties, soil-pipeline interaction, and performance of high-density polyethylene pipelines. Direct shear (DS) apparatus size is shown to have a significant effect on DS strength, and the most reliable DS device is identified from comparative tests with different equipment. Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters for partially saturated sand are developed from DS test data and applied in finite element simulations of soil-pipeline interaction that show excellent agreement with prototypescale experimental results. Apparent cohesion measured during shear failure of partially saturated sand is caused by suction-induced dilatancy. With respect to networks, the modelling of liquefaction effects on the San Francisco water supply is described, and a case history of its successful application during the Loma Prieta earthquake is presented. The systematic analysis of pipeline repair records after the Northridge earthquake is used to identify zones of potential ground failure, and correlate pipeline damage rates with strong ground motion. Hydraulic network analyses are described for the seismic performance of the Los Angeles water supply, with practical applications for emergency response. The effects of Hurricane Katrina are reviewed with respect to the New Orleans hurricane protection system, Gulf of Mexico oil and gas production, and interaction between electric power and liquid fuel delivery systems. The sustainability of the Mississippi delta is discussed with regard to flood control, maintenance of wetlands and barrier islands, and catastrophic change in the course of the Mississippi River.

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Section: Large-scale Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geohazards and large, geographically distributed systems

O’Rourke¹

2010

Géotechnique

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“…The pipeline was instrumented with over 100 strain gages, many with the capability of measuring strains as high as 20%. All tests were conducted with partially saturated RMS sand, with a suction of 4-5 kPa measured by tensiometers (O'Rourke et al 2008) and strength and stiffness consistent with dense dry sand.…”

Section: Comparison Of Analytical and Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the figure, bi-linear relationships are shown for force versus longitudinal, lateral, and vertical upward and downward relative displacement between the pipe and soil. Recommendations for modeling pipeline response to ground deformation as depicted in the figure are readily available (e.g., ASCE 1984; Honegger and Nyman 2004;O'Rourke et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-directional force–displacement response of underground pipe in sand

2016

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Abstract:A methodology is presented to evaluate multi-directional force-displacement relationships for soil-pipeline interaction analysis and design. Large-scale tests of soil reaction to pipe lateral and uplift movement in dry and partially saturated sand are used to validate plane strain, finite element (FE) soil, and pipe continuum models. The FE models are then used to characterize force versus displacement performance for lateral, vertical upward, vertical downward, and oblique orientations of pipeline movement in soil. Using the force versus displacement relationships, the analytical results for pipeline response to strike-slip fault rupture are shown to compare favorably with the results of large-scale tests in which strike-slip fault movement was imposed on 250 and 400 mm diameter high-density polyethylene pipelines in partially saturated sand. Analytical results normalized with respect to maximum lateral force are provided on 360°plots to predict maximum pipe loads for any movement direction. The resulting methodology and dimensionless plots are applicable for underground pipelines and conduits at any depth, subjected to relative soil movement in any direction in dry or saturated and partially saturated medium to very dense sands.Key words: pipeline, Mohr-Coulomb, soil-pipe interaction, earthquake, liquefaction, ground failure.Résumé : Une méthodologie est présentée afin d'évaluer les relations force-déplacement multidirectionnel pour la conception et l'analyse des interactions sol-pipeline. Des essais à grande échelle de la réaction du sol aux mouvements latéraux ou au soulèvement de tuyau dans le sable sec et partiellement saturé servent à valider les modèles en déformation plane, les sols par élément fini (EF) et le continuum de tuyau. Les modèles EF sont ensuite utilisés pour caractériser les performances de force versus déplacement latéral, pour les orientations verticales, vers le haut, vertical vers le bas et obliques de mouvement du pipeline dans le sol. En utilisant les relations de force versus déplacement, les résultats des analyses pour une réponse à la rupture de faille par décrochement se comparent favorablement avec les résultats des essais à grande échelle, dont le mouvement de faille, par décrochement a été imposé à des pipelines en polyéthylène à haute densité de 250 et de 400 mm de diamètre dans du sable partiellement saturé. Les résultats analytiques normalisés en ce qui concerne la force latérale maximale sont fournis sur des parcelles de 360°pour n'importe quelle direction de mouvement. La méthodologie qui en résulte et les parcelles sans dimension sont applicables pour les pipelines souterrains et les conduits à n'importe quelle profondeur, sujettes à des mouvements de sol relatif dans tous les sens dans un milieu sec ou saturé et partiellement saturé aux sables très denses. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : pipeline, Mohr-Coulomb, interaction sol-tuyau, tremblement de terre, liquéfaction, échec de sol.

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“…Cole & Lade [20] were among the first to use a split box to simulate fault rupture propagation through granular soil, in a series of small scale free field rupture tests. Similar split containers have been used to investigate the behaviour of buried pipelines subjected to strike-slip faulting [21][22][23]. Taking account of the capacity of the NTUA-FRB, a model scale of 1:20 was selected, appropriate for the reduced-scale physical 3 modeling of the prototype problem.…”

Section: Physical Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%