Geotechnical and Hydrological Characterization of Subsurface for Metallic Minerals Mining Operations in Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

The study area is covered by alluvium having average thickness of about 200 m that is underlain by the Precambrian basement rock units including iron ore to be mined in future. In this regards, necessary campaign of subsurface investigations including both geotechnical and hydrogeological has been carried. In geotechnical investigations, disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected from five (5) boreholes and hydrological investigations by using water pump out test were conducted to determine the characteristics of aquifer. Rock samples were also collected from already drilled boreholes for iron ore estimation from a depth of more than 200 m. The laboratory testing has classified alluvium as silty sand/sandy silt (SP-SM/SM) and clayey silt/non-plastic silt (CL-ML/ML) as per soil classification criteria having angel of friction of 31.4-38.5 degree with bulk density of 1.461-1.853 g/cc. The initial void ratio (e o) varies from 0.412 to 0.952 with no swell potential in consolidation tests. The chemical analyses of the soil have indicated values of 0.003%-0.006%, 0.0012%-0.0057%, 0.013%-0.030% sulphate, chloride and organic matter contents respectively with pH-value of 6.92-7.56. The strength of the underlying rock was found to be medium strong to very strong corresponding to values of 25-140 MPa in uniaxial compression and indirect tensile strength of 15.66 MPa. Hydrological study reveals that aquifer is unconfined and generally isotropic in nature. The average transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient are 6038 m 2 /day, 4.0 × 10 1 m/day and 0.016, respectively that presented aquifer is quite permeable. The cone of influence covered area of 65 m from main production well. For the open pit mining operation, stability analysis is performed by assuming a 4V:1H slope in the bedrock while 1V:1H in the overlying sediments cover using Limit-Equilibrium (LE) analysis in Slide computer program. However, overburden slope was concluded to be unstable with the analyzed slope angle.

Socioeconomic and recharge effect on spatial changes in the groundwater chemistry of Punjab, Pakistan: a multivariate statistical approach

“…Unconfined aquifer of Punjab has alluvial plain comprising more than 350 m thick Holocene and Pleistocene sediments transported by Indus and tributaries [40,41] directly overlain by the metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks of Precambrian age [2,6]. These sediments consist of fine to very fine sand and low organic matter [42]. Area between Sutlej and Ravi is called Bari Doab, between Ravi and Chenab rivers, Rechna Doab; Chenab and Jehlam Rivers, Jech Doab; Jehlam and Indus Rivers, Sind Sagar Doab [42].…”

“…These sediments consist of fine to very fine sand and low organic matter [42]. Area between Sutlej and Ravi is called Bari Doab, between Ravi and Chenab rivers, Rechna Doab; Chenab and Jehlam Rivers, Jech Doab; Jehlam and Indus Rivers, Sind Sagar Doab [42].…”