Geotechnical and geological properties of Mokattam limestones: Implications for conservation strategies for ancient Egyptian stone monuments

Park, H.D.; Shin, Gang-Wook

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.10.009

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, for both stones the adhesion was reported to be poor. In addition, (ii) since the beginning of its use and up to now, successful consolidation performances of alkoxysilanes have been reported for carbonate substrates in numerous studies [4,33,73,74,75,76,77,78,79]. Therefore, to explain better consolidation efficiency by solely referring to a chemical concept seems to be insufficient.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency and Compatibility of Selected Alkoxysilanes on Porous Carbonate and Silicate Stones

et al. 2019

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This study compares the consolidation efficiency and compatibility of three selected alkoxysilanes on two porous carbonate and silicate substrates. Emphasis was given to artificially induced microstructural defects and subsequent restoration of mechanical and physical properties. Two newly engineered formulations (1) a TiO2 modified tetraethyl-orthosilicate in isopropanol with 70% active content and (2) a TiO2 modified alkyl-trialkoxysilane in isopropanol with 75% active content were compared to a commercial product (3), a solvent free tetraethyl-orthosilicate with 99% active content. Treatments were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, colour impact and their effect on dynamic modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile- and flexural strengths, capillary water absorption and water vapour permeability. A key outcome was that mechanical strength gain induced by treatments is primarily governed by a stone’s texture and microstructure, and secondarily by the gel deposition rate of consolidants. Likewise, the kinetics of the gel-forming reaction during curing is dependent not only on the product but also on the substrate. Therefore, the moisture related properties and the visual impact develop during time. There is no general trend on how it evolves in time, which can lead to incorrect interpretations of treatment compatibility. The results prove that wide-ranging treatment performance is obtained when applying the same products on different substrates.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency and Compatibility of Selected Alkoxysilanes on Porous Carbonate and Silicate Stones

et al. 2019

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“…Color is frequently expressed as a single metric E * = (L) * × L * + (a * × a * ) + (b * × b * ) and can be employed to ascertain total color difference ( E * ) based on L * , a * , b * color difference of samples relative to [CC], where 2 indicates that…”

Section: Visible Range Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally limestone has been worked for construction since antiquity. Consequently the assessment, management and allocation of the most suitable masonry stone for maintenance and repair of historic monuments and buildings has become important with respect to safeguarding cultural heritages (e.g., Cardell et al, 2007;Park and Shin 2009). The topic represents a scientific challenge partly because the geological source originally exploited will show variability in physical and chemical properties and, in settings where construction spans the millennia buildings may be comprised of a variety of rock types divorced in terms of geographical source location and geological origin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sourcing limestone masonry for restoration of historic buildings, a spectroscopic pilot study

Hopkinson

Rutt

Kristová

et al. 2015

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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This study presents a combined Fourier transform (FT) mid-infrared, laser Raman and Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* system analysis of quarry-derived impure limestone and fallen masonry from a medieval listed building situated in the south east of England, to ascertain how spectroscopic information can be collectively employed to identify the most exacting possible replacement stone source. Data shows that subtle differences in [Al] and [Fe3+] octahedral and tetrahedral site occupancy in glauconite group clays registered in the mid-infrared [3530cm-1/3620cm-1] absorption ratio exerts some influence on L*Cab*hab* values. Increases in L* and Cab are associated with decreasing clay content. The overall weakness of correlations between infrared and visible range spectral attributes indicates multiple contributing sources to overall color. Evidence indicates that the degree of laser Raman induced background noise is related to the overall calcite content and that activators of fluorescence at 785nm excitation wave length may also contribute to rock color. The results are utilized to define closest matching quarry samples to the fallen masonry

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“…Some of the stone of the pyramids at Giza were quarried from the Giza Plateau. Other parts, such as casing stones, were quarried from the Tura area [93]. Imhotep or Imutes (ca.…”

Section: Ancient Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

Freire-Lista

2021

Heritage

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Human activity has required, since its origins, stones as raw material for carving, construction and rock art. The study, exploration, use and maintenance of building stones is a global phenomenon that has evolved from the first shelters, manufacture of lithic tools, to the construction of houses, infrastructures and monuments. Druids, philosophers, clergymen, quarrymen, master builders, naturalists, travelers, architects, archaeologists, physicists, chemists, curators, restorers, museologists, engineers and geologists, among other professionals, have worked with stones and they have produced the current knowledge in heritage stones. They are stones that have special significance in human culture. In this way, the connotation of heritage in stones has been acquired over the time. That is, the stones at the time of their historical use were simply stones used for a certain purpose. Therefore, the concept of heritage stone is broad, with cultural, historic, artistic, architectural, and scientific implications. A historical synthesis is presented of the main events that marked the use of stones from prehistory, through ancient history, medieval times, and to the modern period. In addition, the main authors who have written about stones are surveyed from Ancient Roman times to the middle of the twentieth century. Subtle properties of stones have been discovered and exploited by artists and artisans long before rigorous science took notice of them and explained them.

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Geotechnical and geological properties of Mokattam limestones: Implications for conservation strategies for ancient Egyptian stone monuments

Cited by 17 publications

References 8 publications

Efficiency and Compatibility of Selected Alkoxysilanes on Porous Carbonate and Silicate Stones

Efficiency and Compatibility of Selected Alkoxysilanes on Porous Carbonate and Silicate Stones

Sourcing limestone masonry for restoration of historic buildings, a spectroscopic pilot study

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

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