Geospatial Analysis of Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Non- and Under-Vaccination of Children Aged 12–23 Months in Nigeria

Abstract

This study (1) examines the spatial variation of uptake for each dose of basic vaccine and (2) identifies the predictors of non-and incomplete vaccine uptake among children aged 12-23 months in 2018 using data from NDHS. Spatial statistical techniques and multinomial logistic regression analyses were employed. Findings indicate wide variation of coverage at regional, urban/rural, and district levels. Coverage for all the vaccines exhibited statistically significant spatial dependence nationally. Locally, vaccination coverage hotspot for all the vaccines clustered among 16 states in the south while cold spots were in seven northern states. Of the 6059 children, 25, 56, and 9 percent were fully vaccinated, under-vaccinated, and non-vaccinated, respectively. Children who did not receive postnatal care, had no health card, resided in poorer households, and whose mothers did not receive tetanus injection had higher odd of being non-vaccinated. Children, who were delivered at home, did not receive postnatal care, whose mothers could not read and lived in poorest, poorer, and middle households had increased risk of being under-vaccinated. Findings suggest that increased access to immunization, community-level health education and communication are required particularly in rural and northern districts.

Incomplete immunization and its determinants among children in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Two of these were cross-sectional studies conducted at institutions, while the remaining 24 studies were community-based. Six studies conducted in Ethiopia, 38–43 five in Nigeria, 33 , 44–47 three in Togo, 27 , 29 , 48 two in Malawi, 49 , 50 one study in each of Uganda, 51 Gambia, 52 Cote d'ivoire, 53 Congo, 54 Mozambique, 28 Cameroon, 25 Mali, 55 Ghana, 56 South Africa 57 and Sudan. 32 The sample sizes ranged from 213 to 14,593.…”

Contextual factors influencing incomplete immunization and investigation of its geospatial heterogeneity in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study based on PDHS (2017–18)

“…Another study estimated that 1.5 million children under the age of five years remain unvaccinated [ 10 ]. In 2018, the global percentage of under vaccinated and non-vaccinated children were reported 49.5% and 19.2% respectively [ 11 ]. The majority of unvaccinated children were from Asian and African countries [ 12 ].…”