Geospatial analysis of naturally occurring boundaries in road-transport emissions and children's respiratory health across a demographically diverse cityscape

Jephcote, Calvin; Chen, Haibo

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.030

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…We focus on children because of their sensitivity to air pollution. Childhood is a critical time in the development and maturation of the cardiorespiratory system, which is highly susceptible to the absorption of toxins (Jephcote & Chen, 2013). A child’s lung surface area is significantly larger relative to body mass than an adult’s; children can breathe up to 50% more air per kilogram of body weight.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EHJ researchers have reported that environmental degradation plays a role in predicting geographic inequalities in health outcomes (Grineski, 2007; Grineski et al, 2013; Jephcote & Chen, 2012, 2013; Pearce, Richardson, Mitchell, & Shortt, 2010, 2011; Richardson, Pearce, Tunstall, Mitchell, & Shortt, 2013), but not in the monotonic way that many researchers may have assumed it would. For example, in the UK, Pearce et al (2010) found that the relationship between environmental deprivation and mortality was strongest in the most affluent areas and weakest in the poorest areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local variability in the impacts of residential particulate matter and pest exposure on children’s wheezing severity: a geographically weighted regression analysis of environmental health justice

2015

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Two assumptions have underpinned environmental justice over the past several decades: 1) uneven environmental exposures yield correspondingly unequal health impacts and 2) these effects are stable across space. To test these assumptions, relationships for residential pest and PM2.5 exposures with children’s wheezing severity are examined using global (ordinary least squares) and local (geographically weighted regression [GWR]) models using cross-sectional observational survey data from El Paso (Texas) children. In the global model, having pests and higher levels of PM2.5 were weakly associated with greater wheezing severity. The local model reveals two types of asthmogenic socio-environments where environmental exposures more powerfully predict greater wheezing severity. The first is a lower-income context where children are disproportionately exposed to pests and PM2.5 and the second is a higher-income socio-environment where children are exposed to lower levels of PM2.5, yet PM2.5is counterintuitively associated with more severe wheezing. Findings demonstrate that GWR is a powerful tool for understanding relationships between environmental conditions, social characteristics and health inequalities.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local variability in the impacts of residential particulate matter and pest exposure on children’s wheezing severity: a geographically weighted regression analysis of environmental health justice

2015

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“…Outdoor air pollution exposure is linked with heart disease, stroke, respiratory diseases and cancer (World Health Organization, 2014). In cities and countries worldwide, the burden of outdoor environmental exposures is more often borne by low-income and minority people (Crouse, Ross, & Goldberg, 2009; Jephcote & Chen, 2013; Pearce, Richardson, Mitchell, & Shortt, 2011). In the United States, Black and Latino/a populations experience greater exposure to environmental toxics than do Whites (Bell & Ebisu, 2012; Clark, Millet, & Marshall, 2014; Jones et al, 2014; Mohai, Pellow, & Roberts, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asian Americans and disproportionate exposure to carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants: A national study

Grineski

Collins

Morales

2017

Social Science & Medicine

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Studies have demonstrated disparate exposures to carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in neighborhoods with high densities of Black and Hispanic residents in the US. Asians are the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the US, yet they have been underemphasized in previous studies of environmental health and injustice. This cross-sectional study investigated possible disparities in residential exposure to carcinogenic HAPs among Asian Americans, including Asian American subgroups in the US (including all 50 states and the District of Columbia, n = 71,208 US census tracts) using National Air Toxics Assessment and US Census data. In an unadjusted analysis, Chinese and Korean Americans experience the highest mean cancer risks from HAPs, followed by Blacks. The aggregated Asian category ranks just below Blacks and above Hispanics, in terms of carcinogenic HAP risk. Multivariate models adjusting for socioeconomic status, population density, urban location, and geographic clustering show that an increase in proportion of Asian residents in census tracts is associated with significantly greater cancer risk from HAPs. Neighborhoods with higher proportions (as opposed to lower proportions) of Chinese, Korean, and South Asian residents have significantly greater cancer risk burdens relative to Whites. Tracts with higher concentrations of Asians speaking a non-English language and Asians that are US-born have significantly greater cancer risk burdens. Asian Americans experience substantial residential exposure to carcinogenic HAPs in US census tracts and in the US more generally.

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“…Studies have shown that economically and racially disadvantaged people are inequitably exposed to air pollution (Clark et al 2014; Hackbarth et al, 2011; Jephcote and Chen, 2013), and that inequitable environmental exposures contribute to health disparities (Grineski et al, 2013; Hackbarth et al, 2011). No published studies have examined if disparate health risks from environmental exposures exist based on minority sexual orientation across the US.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental injustice and sexual minority health disparities: A national study of inequitable health risks from air pollution among same-sex partners

Collins

Grineski

Morales

2017

Social Science & Medicine

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Air pollution is deleterious to human health, and numerous studies have documented racial and socioeconomic inequities in air pollution exposures. Despite the marginalized status of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations, no national studies have examined if they experience inequitable exposures to air pollution. This cross-sectional study investigated inequities in the exposure of same-sex partner households to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the US. We examined cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs across 71,207 census tracts using National Air Toxics Assessment and US Census data. We calculated population-weighted mean cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs for same-sex male, same-sex female and heterosexual partner households. We used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to examine multivariate associations between sociodemographics and health risks from HAPs, while focusing on inequities based on the tract composition of same-sex, same-sex male and same-sex female partners. We found that mean cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs for same-sex partners are 12.3% and 23.8% greater, respectively, than for heterosexual partners. GEEs adjusting for racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status, population density, urban location, and geographic clustering show that living in census tracts with high (vs. low) proportions of same-sex partners is associated with significantly greater cancer and respiratory risks from HAPs, and that living in same-sex male partner enclaves is associated with greater risks than living in same-sex female partner enclaves. Results suggest that some health disparities experienced by LGBT populations (e.g. cancer, asthma) may be compounded by environmental exposures. Findings highlight the need to extend the conceptual framework for explaining LGBT health disparities beyond psycho-behavioral mechanisms translating social stress into illness to include environmental mechanisms. Because psycho-behavioral and environmental factors may together exacerbate health disparities, we call for a shift toward interdisciplinary research on LGBT health that takes into account cumulative risks, including the role of environmental exposures.

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Geospatial analysis of naturally occurring boundaries in road-transport emissions and children's respiratory health across a demographically diverse cityscape

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Local variability in the impacts of residential particulate matter and pest exposure on children’s wheezing severity: a geographically weighted regression analysis of environmental health justice

Local variability in the impacts of residential particulate matter and pest exposure on children’s wheezing severity: a geographically weighted regression analysis of environmental health justice

Asian Americans and disproportionate exposure to carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants: A national study

Environmental injustice and sexual minority health disparities: A national study of inequitable health risks from air pollution among same-sex partners

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