Georgius Agricola De re metallica, tr. from the 1st Latin ed. of 1556, with biographical introduction, annotations and appendices upon the development of mining methods, metallurgical processes, geolo

Agricola, Georg

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.24787

Cited by 5 publications

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“…The presence of metallic copper (Figures 3 and 4) indicates that the analyzed slags most likely come from the Cu production process. According to Agricola (1556), copper from sulfide ores was produced in a two-stage process. The differences in chemistry (mainly in the content of Cu and Pb) and phase composition between glassy (MG1-MG5) and hypocrystalline (MG6) slags suggest they are the result of different smelting process stages.…”

Section: Summary Of the Metallurgical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the melt separation, the tapping hole was opened to remove and sort the metallic Cu, speiss/matte, and slag. The speiss/matte was further processed (in the second step) to obtain converted copper, while slags were discarded (Agricola, 1556;US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1988).…”

Section: Summary Of the Metallurgical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the end product of the process is a pure metal and a solidified silicate melt (slag) containing the remaining components (e.g., Warchulski, Gawęda, et al, 2020). In the past, slags were often stored in landfills and partially used in subsequent melts as fluxes (Agricola, 1556;US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1988;Warchulski, Szczuka, & Kupczak, 2020;Warchulski et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reconstruction of smelting conditions during 16th‐ to 18th‐century copper ore processing in the Kielce region (Old Polish Industrial District) based on slags from Miedziana Góra, Poland

2022

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This study presents the first reconstruction of the smelting conditions in 16th-to 18th-century smelters from Miedziana Góra (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Based on geochemical (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry/emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence) and mineralogical analysis (X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe micro-analysis) of historical slags, their chemical/phase composition and the basic smelting parameters (temperature, melt viscosity, and oxygen fugacity) were determined. Due to the differences in chemical and phase composition, slags from different smelting stages have been distinguished: hypocrystalline slags (MG6) from speiss/matte production and glassy (MG1-MG5) from matte conversion. In glassy slags, pyroxenes, quartz/cristobalite grains, and aggregates composed of metallic Cu and PbO are dispersed in the glass. Hypocrystalline slags are composed of wollastonites, anorthites, and metallic Cu. The temperature range at which the slags were formed was from ~1100°C (solidus temperature) to 1150-1200°C (liquidus temperature). The silicate melt's viscosity was from log η = 1.19 to 4.42 Pa s (at 1100-1200°C). The higher viscosity of MG1-MG5 slags indicates that, unlike MG6 slags, they were not formed during gravity separation. Information about the phase composition made it possible to determine the oxygen fugacity in the range of log fO 2 = −4 to −12 atm. High oxygen fugacity indicates the oxidizing nature of the smelting process.

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Section: Summary Of the Metallurgical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary Of the Metallurgical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reconstruction of smelting conditions during 16th‐ to 18th‐century copper ore processing in the Kielce region (Old Polish Industrial District) based on slags from Miedziana Góra, Poland

2022

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“…Agricola [7,8] described several methods for medieval copper smelting, although it is difficult to relate slags to an individual process step.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slag from Modern Copper Production Found in Bergwerk, Burgenland, Austria

Haubner

Strobl

2023

SSP

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The investigated slags from Bergwerk (Burgenland, Austria) are from the 17th century and a byproduct of a copper smelting process. These slags are typical plate slags but metallographic studies have shown that these slags are atypical compared to alpine slags. There is an elongated texture running across the slag but the typical fayalite dendrites are absent. Noticeable are high sulfur and Fe levels. SEM-EDX element mappings show that FeO and FeS coexist locally, suggesting that a eutectic FeO-FeS mixture exists. The melting point could have been lowered to 930 °C by the FeO-FeS eutectic. CaSO4 was also detected in the slag. The glass phase, containing all the slag impurities, is located between the fayalite and the FeO-FeS mixture. The smelting process, in which these slags were formed, is currently unknown. It has been unproven as well, what advantages such a copper smelting process could have.

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“…(1). where ∆σ = change of tangential stress; ∆T = change in temperature (˚C); β = thermal expansion coefficient (˚C -1 ); E = Young's modulus (MPa), and v = Poisson's ratio.…”

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confidence: 99%

Wellbore Cooling as a Means To Permanently Increase Fracture Gradient

Gil

Roegiers

Moos³

2006

Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition

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TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractIn recent years, several techniques have been proposed to increase the fracture gradient by inducing changes in the near wellbore region (Alberty and McLean, 2004;Sweatman, et al., 2004;Benaissa et al., 2005). This process, often called "wellbore strengthening", has most recently been implemented by adding specially designed proppant material to the mud before raising its pressure above the fracture gradient. The goal was to induce short tensile fractures in the vicinity of the wellbore wall which are prevented from propagating; thus, creating a "stress cage". However, this method has often proven ineffective in low permeability formations where mainly uncontrolled fracture propagation occurs.The purpose of this paper is to propose and evaluate the use of wellbore cooling, in combination with more classical stengthening processes, to permanently increase the fracture gradient without the risk of circulation losses inherent in the "stress cage" method, as it is currently applied. This approach involves lowering the temperature of the drilling mud; thus, reducing the hoop stress at the borehole wall and then 'setting' the stress cage in the standard manner. Tensile cracks can then be induced at significant lower mud weights. Given the typical thermal conductivity properties of rocks, the tensile stresses induced by cooling (and consequently, the created fractures) will tend to be confined to the near wellbore region.This work presents an evaluation of the effect cooling has on the stress profile of a "solid" material and compares it with a fully coupled thermoporoelastic solution. The results of such analyses may then be used to design a field application to test this novel idea.

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Georgius Agricola De re metallica, tr. from the 1st Latin ed. of 1556, with biographical introduction, annotations and appendices upon the development of mining methods, metallurgical processes, geolo

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Reconstruction of smelting conditions during 16th‐ to 18th‐century copper ore processing in the Kielce region (Old Polish Industrial District) based on slags from Miedziana Góra, Poland

Reconstruction of smelting conditions during 16th‐ to 18th‐century copper ore processing in the Kielce region (Old Polish Industrial District) based on slags from Miedziana Góra, Poland

Slag from Modern Copper Production Found in Bergwerk, Burgenland, Austria

Wellbore Cooling as a Means To Permanently Increase Fracture Gradient

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