“…The collapse of the Soviet Union changed the characteristics of higher education of Georgia and imposed important problems and challenges. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgian higher education institutions attempted to take more social responsibility toward the newly independent Georgia and to promote the Georgian language, history, culture, and ethnic identity (Gvaramadze, 2010, Lanahan, 2020. The main challenge for higher educational institutions in the post-Soviet era was "the need to overcome the highly centralized nature of the Soviet educational system and shift from a teacher-centered to a student-centered pedagogy" (p. 189, Lanahan, 2020).…”