Geopolymer synthesis using low-grade clays

Yamchelou, Morteza Tahmasebi; Law, David W.; Brkljača, Robert; Gunasekara, Chamila; Li, Jie; Patnaikuni, Indubhushan

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121066

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This is because the clay was decontaminated and burned by calcination at 550 °C, resulting in the decomposition of organic substances in the structure. This result is in accordance with that of a previous report [ 41 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Bio-clay: Antioxidant-rich and stable for body mud scrubs

Maneetong,

Thuadaij

2024

Heliyon

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Bio-clay: Antioxidant-rich and stable for body mud scrubs

Maneetong,

Thuadaij

2024

Heliyon

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“…Previous research has also identified the activator modulus (AM) and dosage key factors in determining performance [43]. In this study, four activator moduli (AMs) (1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75) for each of the two sodium oxide (Na 2 O) dosages of 10% and 15% were selected, corresponding to the optimal range in accordance with previous studies [36,44]. A curing temperature of 120 • C was employed, as this had been identified as optimum curing temperature in earlier studies [44].…”

Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…20%. The amorphous content increased with calcination from 21.6% to 23.8% at a temperature of 120 • C. However, a small decrease in the amorphous content was observed when heated to 750 • C; this may be due to recrystallization of the amorphous phase at this temperature [22,36]. The calcination reduced the surface area from 12.45 m 2 /g in the raw clay to 6.03 m 2 /g in the clay treated at 750 • C, but the % passing at both 10 and 50 µm increased.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yamchelou et al found that a calcination temperature of 550 • C for 1 h optimized the specific surface area when compared to higher calcination temperatures. Alkali activation of the calcinated clay achieved a compressive strength in excess of 40 MPa after 28 days [36]. Current research has demonstrated the feasibility of clay as an AAM; however, significant gaps in the literature remain regarding the activation of the low-grade clay in terms of both the calcination process and the suitability of the activators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Grade Clay as an Alkali-Activated Material

et al. 2021

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The potential application of alkali-activated material (AAM) as an alternative binder in concrete to reduce the environmental impact of cement production has now been established. However, as the production and availability of the primarily utilized waste materials, such as fly Ash and blast furnace slag, decrease, it is necessary to identify alternative materials. One such material is clay, which contains aluminosilicates and is abundantly available across the world. However, the reactivity of untreated low-grade clay can be low. Calcination can be used to activate clay, but this can consume significant energy. To address this issue, this paper reports the investigation of two calcination methodologies, utilizing low-temperature and high-temperature regimes of different durations, namely 24 h heating at 120 °C and 5 h at 750 °C and, and the results are compared with those of the mechanical performance of the AAM produced with untreated low-grade clay. The investigation used two alkali dosages, 10% and 15%, with an alkali modulus varying from 1.0 to 1.75. An increase in strength was observed with calcination of the clay at both 120 and 750 °C compared to untreated clay. Specimens with a dosage of 10% showed enhanced performance compared to those with 15%, with Alkali Modulus (AM) of 1.0 giving the optimal strength at 28 days for both dosages. The strengths achieved were in the range 10 to 20 MPa, suitable for use as concrete masonry brick. The conversion of Al (IV) is identified as the primary factor for the observed increase in strength.

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“…These tetrahedrons form a three-dimensional network with one oxygen atom in common between each of the tetrahedrons [ 17 , 18 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The most used raw materials are natural minerals, such as kaolin [ 9 , 24 , 26 , 27 ] and calcined clays [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], and industrial wastes, such as fly ash [ 4 , 13 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], slag [ 35 , 36 , 37 ], red mud [ 28 , 38 , 39 ], and waste glass [ 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geopolymer Ceramic Application: A Review on Mix Design, Properties and Reinforcement Enhancement

et al. 2022

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Geopolymers have been intensively explored over the past several decades and considered as green materials and may be synthesised from natural sources and wastes. Global attention has been generated by the use of kaolin and calcined kaolin in the production of ceramics, green cement, and concrete for the construction industry and composite materials. The previous findings on ceramic geopolymer mix design and factors affecting their suitability as green ceramics are reviewed. It has been found that kaolin offers significant benefit for ceramic geopolymer applications, including excellent chemical resistance, good mechanical properties, and good thermal properties that allow it to sinter at a low temperature, 200 °C. The review showed that ceramic geopolymers can be made from kaolin with a low calcination temperature that have similar properties to those made from high calcined temperature. However, the choice of alkali activator and chemical composition should be carefully investigated, especially under normal curing conditions, 27 °C. A comprehensive review of the properties of kaolin ceramic geopolymers is also presented, including compressive strength, chemical composition, morphological, and phase analysis. This review also highlights recent findings on the range of sintering temperature in the ceramic geopolymer field which should be performed between 600 °C and 1200 °C. A brief understanding of kaolin geopolymers with a few types of reinforcement towards property enhancement were covered. To improve toughness, the role of zirconia was highlighted. The addition of zirconia between 10% and 40% in geopolymer materials promises better properties and the mechanism reaction is presented. Findings from the review should be used to identify potential strategies that could develop the performance of the kaolin ceramic geopolymers industry in the electronics industry, cement, and biomedical materials.

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Geopolymer synthesis using low-grade clays

Cited by 21 publications

References 44 publications

Bio-clay: Antioxidant-rich and stable for body mud scrubs

Bio-clay: Antioxidant-rich and stable for body mud scrubs

Low-Grade Clay as an Alkali-Activated Material

Geopolymer Ceramic Application: A Review on Mix Design, Properties and Reinforcement Enhancement

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