Geopolymer concrete durability subjected to aggressive environments – A review of influence factors and comparison with ordinary Portland cement

Chen, Keyu; Wu, Dazhi; Xia, Linling; Cai, Qimao; Zhang, Zhenying

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122496

Cited by 140 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…As the most widely used and most basic building material, concrete is increasingly applied into the fields of civil engineering, transportation, water conservancy and hydropower, etc. Its durability has become a key engineering issue and has received widespread attention [1,2]. Among them, sulfate erosion is one of the important factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Energy Evolution Characteristics and Performance Parameter Degradation of Rubber‐Mixed Concrete in Sulfate Attack Environment

Chen¹

2022

Advances in Civil Engineering

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In order to study the sulfate resistance of rubber concrete (RC), the compressive strength test of RC with different contents (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) was carried out, and the proportion of RC with standard curing for 28 days was optimized. Sulfate attack test was carried out on the selected RC and compared with normal concrete (NC). The degradation degree was measured from the effective porosity, relative dynamic elastic modulus, SO42− concentration, and SEM microstructure observation after different attack times. The energy analysis method is used to study the evolution law of total strain energy, elastic strain energy, and dissipated strain energy of NC and RC in the process of deformation and failure after different attack times, and the influence of sulfate attack on concrete is explored from the perspective of energy. The results show that with the progress of sulfate attack, the effective porosity of NC and RC both decreases first and then increases, and the relative dynamic elastic modulus increases first and then decreases. Rubber is beneficial to improve the sulfate resistance of concrete, delay the attack of SO42− on concrete, and improve the ductile deformation of concrete. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the application of RC in practical engineering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Energy Evolution Characteristics and Performance Parameter Degradation of Rubber‐Mixed Concrete in Sulfate Attack Environment

Chen¹

2022

Advances in Civil Engineering

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“…It can be seen that the peaks for calcite phases disappeared, and the new crystal phase of gypsum was generated. This can be attributed to the calcium carbonate reacting with sulfuric acid to form gypsum [ 51 ]. The diffraction peak belonging to gypsum was identified at 2θ = 11.5° and 29.2°, which has been reported in previous works [ 49 , 52 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to Sulfuric Acid Corrosion of Geopolymer Concrete Based on Different Binding Materials and Alkali Concentrations

et al. 2021

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Geopolymer binder is expected to be an optimum alternative to Portland cement due to its excellent engineering properties of high strength, acid corrosion resistance, low permeability, good chemical resistance, and excellent fire resistance. To study the sulfuric acid corrosion resistance of geopolymer concrete (GPC) with different binding materials and concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH), metakaolin, high-calcium fly ash, and low-calcium fly ash were chosen as binding materials of GPC for the geopolymerization process. A mixture of sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) and NaOH solution with different concentrations (8 M and 12 M) was selected as the alkaline activator with a ratio (Na2SiO3/NaOH) of 1.5. GPC specimens were immersed in the sulfuric acid solution with the pH value of 1 for 6 days and then naturally dried for 1 day until 98 days. The macroscopic properties of GPC were characterized by visual appearance, compressive strength, mass loss, and neutralization depth. The materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The results indicated that at the immersion time of 28 d, the compressive strength of two types of fly ash-based GPC increased to some extent due to the presence of gypsum, but this phenomenon was not observed in metakaolin-based GPC. After 98 d of immersion, the residual strength of fly ash based GPC was still higher, which reached more than 25 MPa, while the metakaolin-based GPC failed. Furthermore, due to the rigid 3D networks of aluminosilicate in fly ash-based GPC, the mass of all GPC decreased slightly during the immersion period, and then tended to be stable in the later period. On the contrary, in metakaolin-based GPC, the incomplete geopolymerization led to the compressive strength being too low to meet the application of practical engineering. In addition, the compressive strength of GPC activated by 12 M NaOH was higher than the GPC activated by 8 M NaOH, which is owing to the formation of gel depended on the concentration of alkali OH ion, low NaOH concentration weakened chemical reaction, and reduced compressive strength. Additionally, according to the testing results of neutralization depth, the neutralization depth of high-calcium fly ash-based GPC activated by 12 M NaOH suffered acid attack for 98 d was only 6.9 mm, which is the minimum value. Therefore, the best performance was observed in GPC prepared with high-calcium fly ash and 12 M NaOH solution, which is attributed to gypsum crystals that block the pores of the specimen and improve the microstructure of GPC, inhibiting further corrosion of sulfuric acid.

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“…However, Zhang et al [22] clarified that the strength of geopolymer concrete deteriorated after exposure to an optimal curing temperature. The dehydration of the geopolymer was identified by Zhang et al [22] as a reason for the strength loss of the geopolymer concrete after exposure to a temperature of higher than 600 • C. Chen et al [23] reported that durability of geopolymer concrete is better than OPC concrete, and calcium content has a great effect on the durability mechanism. Any concrete structure should be durable and able to fend off the processes of debilitation to which it is anticipated to be exposed [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durability Performance of Geopolymer Concrete: A Review

Wong

2022

Polymers

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Geopolymer concrete is produced from the geopolymerization process, in which molecules known as oligomers integrate to form geopolymer networks with covalent bonding. Its production expends less thermal energy and results in a smaller carbon footprint compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. It requires only an alkaline activator to catalyze its aluminosilicate sources such as metakaolin and fly ash, to yield geopolymer binder for the geopolymerization to take place. Because of its eco-friendly technology and practical application, current research interest is mainly concentrated on the endurance of geopolymer concrete to resist heat and chemical aggressions. As such, it is pertinent for this review article to provide critical insight into the recent progress in research on the durability of geopolymer concrete. One significant outcome of the review is that the admixture of geopolymer concrete could be blended with additives such as micro-silica and fibers such as polypropylene fibers, to enhance its durability. The review on the durability aspects of geopolymer concrete showed that it had high compressive strength at an optimal elevated temperature, low to medium chloride ion penetrability, and high resistance to acid attack and abrasion. This makes geopolymer concrete a viable candidate to replace OPC concrete in the construction industry.

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Geopolymer concrete durability subjected to aggressive environments – A review of influence factors and comparison with ordinary Portland cement

Cited by 140 publications

References 123 publications

[Retracted] Energy Evolution Characteristics and Performance Parameter Degradation of Rubber‐Mixed Concrete in Sulfate Attack Environment

[Retracted] Energy Evolution Characteristics and Performance Parameter Degradation of Rubber‐Mixed Concrete in Sulfate Attack Environment

Resistance to Sulfuric Acid Corrosion of Geopolymer Concrete Based on Different Binding Materials and Alkali Concentrations

Durability Performance of Geopolymer Concrete: A Review

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