Geomorphology, kinematic history, and earthquake behavior of the active Kuwana wedge thrust anticline, central Japan

Ishiyama, Tatsuya; Mueller, Karl; Togo, Masami; Okada, Atsumasa; Takemura, Keiji

doi:10.1029/2003jb002547

Cited by 48 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Bedding-plane faults have ruptured coseismically and produced surface scarps in conjunction with large earthquakes on deeper structures (Lensen and Otway, 1971;Philip and Meghraoui, 1983;Hull, 1990;Treiman, 1995;Yeats, 2000). While in some cases bedding-plane faults above thrust wedges and passive roof duplexes root in thrust ramps or roof thrusts (Banks and Warburton, 1986;Guzofski et al, 2007), in other cases bedding-plane reverse faults root in the axial plane region of folds (Shaw and Suppe, 1994;Ishiyama et al, 2004).…”

Section: Can Bedding-plane Faults Generate Earthquakes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone

Kelsey

Sherrod

Nelson

et al. 2008

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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A key question in earthquake hazard analysis is whether individual faults within fault zones represent independent seismic sources. For the Seattle fault zone, an upper plate structure within the Cascadia convergent margin, evaluating seismic hazard requires understanding how north-side-up, bedding-plane reverse faults, which generate late Holocene fault scarps, interact with the north-vergent master-ramp thrust and overlying backthrust of the fault zone. A regional uplift at A.D. 900-930 involved an earthquake that nucleated at depth and included slip on both the master-ramp thrust and the backthrust. This earthquake also included slip on some of the <6-km-deep north-side-up, bedding-plane reverse faults. At locales where the north-side-up reverse faults intersect the Puget Sound coast, an earthquake a few centuries earlier than the A.D. 900-930 regional uplift only uplifted areas within hundreds of meters north of the reverse faults. We infer that the bedding-plane reverse faults are seismogenic because shore platforms near the reverse faults have been abruptly uplifted during earthquakes when other shorelines in the Seattle fault zone were unaffected. Faults of the Seattle fault zone therefore can both produce regional uplift earthquakes, with or without surface displacement on the reverse faults, and produce earthquakes that rupture the bedding-plane reverse faults causing fault scarps and uplift localized to hundreds of meters north of these faults. This latter type of earthquake has occurred at least twice and perhaps three times in the late Holocene, and all these earthquakes preceded the regional coseismic uplift of A.D. 900-930. To account for the paleoseismic observations, we propose that the Seattle fault zone is a wedge thrust, with the leading edge being a fault-bend, wedge thrust fold. The active axial surface of the wedge thrust fold is pinned at the tip of the wedge, and a steeply north-dipping sequence of Tertiary sediment forms the south limb of the wedge thrust fold. Some of these steeply north-dipping, bedding-plane surfaces are seismogenic reverse faults that produce scarps. Earthquakes on the wedge thrust produce the regional coseismic uplift events, and earthquakes within the faultbend fold cause the local uplift earthquakes. Thus, bedding-plane faults can rupture during earthquakes when the wedge thrust does not rupture but instead continues to accumulate seismic energy.

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Section: Can Bedding-plane Faults Generate Earthquakes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We infer that the Seattle monocline is a doubly vergent wedge thrust fold (Medwedeff, 1992;Ishiyama et al, 2004) with the active axial surface of the fault-bend fold intersecting the ground at the surface transition from the Seattle basin to the Seattle uplift (A1 in Figs. 1A and 9B).…”

Section: Revised Structural Model For the Seattle Fault Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone

Kelsey

Sherrod

Nelson

et al. 2008

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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“…Through integration of bedrock structural measurements with neotectonic observations at the surface, several workers have successfully utilized models for fold and thrust evolution such as fault bend folding [ Molnar et al , 1994; Lavé and Avouac , 2000; Thompson et al , 2002; Ishiyama et al , 2004], fault propagation folding [ Bullard and Lettis , 1993; Benedetti et al , 2000] and trishear fault propagation folding [ Gold et al , 2006] in characterizing suites of deformed terraces. Because each of these models predicts contrasting patterns of differential uplift, their application to describing terrace deformation requires matching kinematic predictions of deformed surfaces with specific fault and fold geometries and progressive slip at depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomorphic constraints on listric thrust faulting: Implications for active deformation in the Mackenzie Basin, South Island, New Zealand

et al. 2007

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[1] Deformed fluvial terraces preserved over active thrust-related folds record the kinematics of folding as fault slip accumulates on the underlying thrust. In the Mackenzie Basin of southern New Zealand, the kinematics revealed by folded fluvial terraces along the active Ostler and Irishman Creek fault zones are inconsistent with traditional models for thrust-related folding in which spatially uniform rock uplift typically occurs over planar fault ramps. Instead, warped and tilted terraces in the Mackenzie are characterized by broad, continuous backlimbs and abrupt forelimbs and suggest folding through progressive limb rotation. By relating this pattern of surface deformation to the underlying thrust with a newly developed, simple geometric and kinematic model, we interpret both faults as listric thrusts rooted at depth into gently dipping planar fault ramps. Constraints on the model from detailed topographic surveying of deformed terraces, ground-penetrating radar over active fault scarps, and luminescence dating of terrace surfaces suggest slip rates for the Ostler and Irishman Creek faults of $1.1-1.7 mm/yr and $0.5-0.7 mm/yr, respectively. The predicted depth of listric faulting for the Ostler fault (0.7 À0.2 +0.1 km) and the Irishman Creek fault (1.3 À0.5 +0.1 km) generally agrees with geophysical estimates of basin depth in the Mackenzie and suggests control of preexisting basin architecture on the geometry of active thrusting. Despite the potential effects of changes in fault curvature and hanging wall internal deformation, the methodology presented here provides a simple tool for approximating the kinematics of surface deformation associated with slip along listric, or curviplanar, thrust faults.

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“…The concept of fault‐related folding suggests that it is possible to infer the geometry of a subsurface dip‐slip fault from the geometry of surface folds [e.g., Suppe , 1983; Gibbs , 1983]. This methodology has previously been applied to the evaluation of active faults and earthquake potential in sedimentary basins [ Shaw and Suppe , 1994, 1996; Shaw et al , 2002; Ishiyama et al , 2004]. By comparing faults constructed on the basis of the theory of fault‐related folding with source faults of earthquakes, we can examine the reliability of this fault modeling method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault‐related folds above the source fault of the 2004 mid‐Niigata Prefecture earthquake, in a fold‐and‐thrust belt caused by basin inversion along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea

Okamura¹,

Ishiyama²,

Yanagisawa³

2007

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The 2004 mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake occurred in a fold-and-thrust belt that has been growing since late Pliocene time in a Miocene rift basin along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea. We constructed the trajectory of the subsurface faults responsible for the growth of the folds from the geologic structure and stratigraphy in the source region, assuming that the folds have been growing as fault-related folds because of inclined antithetic shear with a dip of 85°in the hanging wall above a single reverse fault. The fault trajectory constructed from the fold geometries nearly coincides with the geometries of the source fault of the main shock of the 2004 earthquake revealed by aftershocks, which supports that the rupture was along a geologic fault that has ruptured repeatedly during the last a few million years. A three-dimensional fault model based on 12 fault trajectories constructed along parallel sections revealed that the main shock occurred on a convex bend in the fault surface and that the southern termination of the aftershock distribution nearly coincides with a concave bend in the fault. The close relation between the source fault and the geologic structure shows that it is possible to construct source fault geometry assuming inclined shear as deformation mechanism of a hanging wall and to infer the rupture areas from geologic data.

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Geomorphology, kinematic history, and earthquake behavior of the active Kuwana wedge thrust anticline, central Japan

Cited by 48 publications

References 46 publications

Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone

Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone

Geomorphic constraints on listric thrust faulting: Implications for active deformation in the Mackenzie Basin, South Island, New Zealand

Fault‐related folds above the source fault of the 2004 mid‐Niigata Prefecture earthquake, in a fold‐and‐thrust belt caused by basin inversion along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea

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