“…However, the eruptive histories of 90 % of the volcanoes in Online Resource are poorly constrained or totally unconstrained. While field studies of each volcano are necessary to accurately assess their eruptive histories, morphologic observations made using remote sensing data can also provide general information about past activity (e.g., Hulme 1974 ; Moriya 1979 ; Greeley 1982 ; Whelley et al 2014 ; Grosse et al 2014 ). The shape of a volcano and its collection of deposits are the result of all previous eruptions and periods of erosion throughout the volcano’s history.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recent advances in remote sensing enable unprecedented observation of volcano surfaces and degassing from space. We depart from previous volcano classifications (e.g., Neumann van Padang 1951 ; Moriya 1979 , 2014 ; Hone et al 2007 ; Siebert et al 2010 ), propose a new classification scheme that considers both a volcano’s morphology and its known eruption and degassing history, and use the new classification to provide proxy data from which we make new estimates of decadal and longer term probabilities of larger volcanic explosivity index (VEI) eruptions in Southeast Asia. Fig.…”
There are ~750 active and potentially active volcanoes in Southeast Asia. Ash from eruptions of volcanic explosivity index 3 (VEI 3) and smaller pose mostly local hazards while eruptions of VEI ≥ 4 could disrupt trade, travel, and daily life in large parts of the region. We classify Southeast Asian volcanoes into five groups, using their morphology and, where known, their eruptive history and degassing style. Because the eruptive histories of most volcanoes in Southeast Asia are poorly constrained, we assume that volcanoes with similar morphologies have had similar eruption histories. Eruption histories of well-studied examples of each morphologic class serve as proxy histories for understudied volcanoes in the class. From known and proxy eruptive histories, we estimate that decadal probabilities of VEI 4–8 eruptions in Southeast Asia are nearly 1.0, ~0.6, ~0.15, ~0.012, and ~0.001, respectively.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…However, the eruptive histories of 90 % of the volcanoes in Online Resource are poorly constrained or totally unconstrained. While field studies of each volcano are necessary to accurately assess their eruptive histories, morphologic observations made using remote sensing data can also provide general information about past activity (e.g., Hulme 1974 ; Moriya 1979 ; Greeley 1982 ; Whelley et al 2014 ; Grosse et al 2014 ). The shape of a volcano and its collection of deposits are the result of all previous eruptions and periods of erosion throughout the volcano’s history.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recent advances in remote sensing enable unprecedented observation of volcano surfaces and degassing from space. We depart from previous volcano classifications (e.g., Neumann van Padang 1951 ; Moriya 1979 , 2014 ; Hone et al 2007 ; Siebert et al 2010 ), propose a new classification scheme that considers both a volcano’s morphology and its known eruption and degassing history, and use the new classification to provide proxy data from which we make new estimates of decadal and longer term probabilities of larger volcanic explosivity index (VEI) eruptions in Southeast Asia. Fig.…”
There are ~750 active and potentially active volcanoes in Southeast Asia. Ash from eruptions of volcanic explosivity index 3 (VEI 3) and smaller pose mostly local hazards while eruptions of VEI ≥ 4 could disrupt trade, travel, and daily life in large parts of the region. We classify Southeast Asian volcanoes into five groups, using their morphology and, where known, their eruptive history and degassing style. Because the eruptive histories of most volcanoes in Southeast Asia are poorly constrained, we assume that volcanoes with similar morphologies have had similar eruption histories. Eruption histories of well-studied examples of each morphologic class serve as proxy histories for understudied volcanoes in the class. From known and proxy eruptive histories, we estimate that decadal probabilities of VEI 4–8 eruptions in Southeast Asia are nearly 1.0, ~0.6, ~0.15, ~0.012, and ~0.001, respectively.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…Therefore, this bounding topographic rim has all the characteristics and coincides with a topographic caldera rim. Since the bounding ring fault is partially exposed, it is suggested that this structure is a major (diameter N10 km; Moriya, 1979) eroded caldera. The caldera displays low, maximum 700 m, discontinuous rims ( Fig.…”
Section: Sigri Calderamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2). Low rims of calderas of large diameters (N10 km Moriya, 1979) are usually discontinuous, buried by postcaldera products, and/or cut by faults as in the cases of Valles, Krakatau and Santorini calderas (Karatson et al, 1999);…”
“…Wood and Kienle (1990);6 Cicacci et al (1986); 7Ollier (1988); 8Moriya (1979); 9Shimizu et al (1988);10 Simkin et al (1981); 11Macdonald (1978); 12Bardintzeff et al (1988);13 Chevallier and Vatin-Perignon (1982); 14Yanagi et al (1993); 15Delfin et al (1997) Sourcesof climatological data: World Survey of Climatology 1983, vols 1-15 (Elsevier, Amsterdam); Climate Normals for the US 1983 (Gale Research Company); The Weather Almanac 1987 (Gale Research Company); Climate of the Earth 1984 (in Hungarian; Textbook Publishing House of Budapest); "Le climat de la Polinésie Française" 1978 ("monographie no. 107 de la Météorologie Nationale", France) Fig.…”
The origin and development of erosion-modified, erosion-transformed, and erosion-induced depressions in volcanic terrains are reviewed and systematized. A proposed classification, addressing terminology issues, considers structural, geomorphic, and climatic factors that contribute to the topographic modification of summit or flank depressions on volcanoes. Breaching of a closed crater or caldera generated by volcanic or non-volcanic processes results in an outlet valley. Under climates with up to F2000-2500 mm annual rainfall, craters, and calderas are commonly drained by a single outlet. The outlet valley can maintain its dominant downcutting position because it quickly enlarges its drainage basin by capturing the area of the primary depression. Multi-drained volcanic depressions can form if special factors, e.g., high-rate geological processes, such as faulting or glaciation, suppress fluvial erosion. Normal (fluvial) erosion-modified volcanic depressions the circular rim of which is derived from the original rim are termed erosion craters or erosion calderas, depending on the pre-existing depression. The resulting landform should be classed as an erosion-induced volcanic depression if the degradation of a cluster of craters produces a single-drained, irregular-shaped basin, or if flank erosion results in a quasiclosed depression. Under humid climates, craters and calderas degrade at a faster rate. Mostly at subtropical and tropical ocean-island and island-arc volcanoes, their erosion results in so-called amphitheater valleys that develop under heavy rainfall ( 1 F2500 mm/year), rainstorms, and high-elevation differences. Structural and lithological control, and groundwater in ocean islands, may in turn preform and guide development of high-energy valleys through rockfalls, landsliding, mudflows, and mass wasting. Given the intense erosion, amphitheater valleys are able to breach a primary depression from several directions and degrade the summit region at a high rate. Occasionally, amphitheater valleys may create summit depressions without a pre-existing crater or caldera. The resulting, negative landforms, which may drain in several directions and the primary origin of which is commonly unrecognizable, should be included in erosion-transformed volcanic depressions.
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