Geomorphic evidence of unrecognized Balapur fault segment in the southwest Kashmir basin of northwest Himalayas

Ahmad, Shabir; Alam, Akhtar; Ahmad, Bashir; Bhat, M. Iqbal Jeelani; Bhat, M. Sultan

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.09.006

Cited by 36 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…Numerous active faults/thrusts have been demarcated in the Kashmir Valley, such as Oldham's lost fault (Bilham et al, 2013), Balapora Thrust (Ahmad et al, 2015; Schiffman et al, 2013), Central Kashmir Fault (Alam et al, 2015), Mawar Fault Zone, Tunda Fault Zone, Gulmarg Fault Zone and Mughal Road Fault Zone (Shah & Malik, 2017) and minor faults in Karewas of Kashmir (Bali & Wani, 2021). Because the valley is located in between the major compressional geological structures such as Zanskar Thrust (ZT) from north and an array of closely spaced several major thrusts such as the Main Central Thrust (MCT)/Panjal Thrust (PT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Reasi Thrust (RT) and Kotli Thrust (KT) (Thakur et al, 2010) from south; the deformation pattern of the Kashmir Himalaya seems to be similar with regional tectonic framework (Figure 1).…”

Section: Geological and Seismotectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Being a part of tectonically active mountain range, Kashmir Himalaya has witnessed a large number of destructive earthquakes (e.g. earthquakes of 1555, 1885) in the past (Ahmad et al, 2014, 2015; Ambraseys & Douglas, 2004; Ambraseys & Jackson, 2003; Bilham et al, 2010; Jones, 1885; Bilham et al, 1998; Wakhaloo, 1963). The recently recorded instrumental data show a clustering of earthquakes in and around Kashmir Valley (Figure 2).…”

Section: Geological and Seismotectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of crustal strain in Kashmir Himalayan region of north India using continuous GPS measurements

et al. 2023

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Global positioning system (GPS) measurements of crustal deformation provide insight into the crustal plate velocity and strain rate variation in the actively deforming Earth's crust. GPS measurements in the Kashmir Himalaya indicate that most of the crustal motion between the Indian Plate and southern China is accommodated along the Himalayan arc, resulting in the accumulation of crustal strain and locking of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Here, we present geodetically estimated spatial and temporal crustal strain rates in the Kashmir Himalaya from GPS measurements to understand the nature of crustal deformation. We processed and analysed GPS data from 21 sites across Kashmir Himalaya along with several IGS sites. We find that the average deformation rate of the GPS sites in Kashmir Himalaya with reference to the Indian Plate range between 2.8 and 15.5 ± 1 mm/year. The GPS results illustrate that the strain rate field is dominated by a compression component with its rate as 7.2 × 10−8 strain/year and the maximum shear strain, γmax, of 1.9 × 10−7 strain/year. The earthquake focal mechanisms suggest that earthquake activity in the Kashmir Himalaya is predominantly manifested in the form of thrust motion. The maximum principal shear strain value reflects that the Kashmir Himalaya is under NE–SW compressional regime. The spatial distribution of crustal strain indicates that the region north‐east of Kashmir Valley is accumulating maximum strain, resulting in the stress build‐up and could be the region of a future large earthquake.

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Section: Geological and Seismotectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological and Seismotectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of crustal strain in Kashmir Himalayan region of north India using continuous GPS measurements

et al. 2023

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“…Kashmir valley is a NW-SE oriented elongated trough located in northwest Himalaya (Fig. 1), owing its origin to extensional tectonic movement along a local basement fault (Alam et al 2015a(Alam et al , b, 2017Ahmad et al 2015). The actual area of interest for this study forms the considerable central part (* 16%) of the valley, spread over an area of * 2400 km 2 between elevations ranging from * 1547 to 3618 m above mean sea level in the UTM zone 43 N. The selected area includes most of the valley's floodplain; parts of encompassing mountains and scattered upland patches (Plio-Pleistocene deposits), hosting substantial human population and socioeconomic activities of the valley.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Landsat satellite data for assessing the land use and land cover change in Kashmir valley

2019

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Land use and land cover (LULC) change has been one of the most immense and perceptible transformations of the earth's surface. Evaluating LULC change at varied spatial scales is imperative in wide range of perspectives such as environmental conservation, resource management, land use planning, and sustainable development. This work aims to examine the land use and land cover changes in the Kashmir valley between the time periods from 1992-2001-2015 using a set of compatible moderate resolution Landsat satellite imageries. Supervised approach with maximum likelihood classifier was adopted for the classification and generation of LULC maps for the selected time periods. Results reveal that there have been substantial changes in the land use and cover during the chosen time periods. In general, three land use and land cover change patterns were observed in the study area: (1) consistent increase of the area under marshy, built-up, barren, plantation, and shrubs; (2) continuous decrease in agriculture and water; (3) decrease (1992-2001) and increase (2001-2015) in forest and pasture classes. In terms of the area under each LULC category, most significant changes have been observed in agriculture (-), plantation (?), builtup (?), and water (-); however, with reference to percent change within each class, the maximum variability was recorded in built-up (198.45%), plantation (87.98%), pasture (-71%), water (-48%) and agriculture (-28.85%). The massive land transformation is largely driven by anthropogenic actions and has been mostly adverse in nature, giving rise to multiple environmental issues in the ecologically sensitive Kashmir valley.

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“…Owing to its geomorphic configuration (elongated trough encompassed by mountains) and location (seismically active), the Kashmir basin is exposed to various natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, landslides and snow avalanches; however, flooding is the most recurrent phenomenon in the basin, especially in the Srinagar city (Ahmad et al, 2009;Ahmad et al, 2013;Ahmad et al, 2014;Alam et al, 2014;Ahmad et al, 2015;Alam et al, 2015aAlam et al, , 2015bMeraj et al, 2015;Ahmad et al, 2016;Alam et al, 2017). There are records of flood occurrence and associated losses in the city that date back to 3000 BC (Hassan, 1896;Raza et al, 1978;Koul, 1991;Bilham and Bali, 2014).…”

Section: Srinagar Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood risk assessment of Srinagar city in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Alam

Bhat

Farooq

et al. 2018

Int J of Dis Res in the Bu Env

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Purpose -Risk assessment is imperative for disaster risk reduction. The risk is rooted to various physical, social, economic, demographic and environmental factors that determine the probable magnitude of loss during an extreme event. By way of bringing a conceptual model into practice, this paper aims to examine the flood risk of the Srinagar city.Design/methodology/approach -The "risk triangle" model has been adopted in the present investigation evaluating parameters, reflective of hazard (intensity), exposure (spatial) and vulnerability (sensitivity) using Landsat-8 operational land imager scene (10 September 2014), global positioning system, Cartosat-1 digital elevation model and socioeconomic and demographic data (Census of India, 2011). The authors characterise flood hazard intensity on the basis of variability in water depth during a recent event (September 2014 Kashmir flood); spatial exposure as a function of terrain elevation; and socioeconomic structure and demographic composition of each municipal ward of the city as a determinant factor of the vulnerability. Statistical evaluation and geographic information system-based systematic integration of all the multi-resolution data layers helped to develop composite flood risk score of each ward of the city.Findings -Principal deliverable of this study is flood risk map of the Srinagar city. The results reveal that approximately 46 per cent of the city comprising 33 municipal wards is at high risk, while rest of the area, i.e. 17 and 37 per cent, exhibit moderate and low levels of risk, constituting 23 and 12 municipal wards, respectively. It is very likely that the municipal wards expressing high risk may witness comparatively more damage (impact) during any future flood event. Thus, there is a need of planned interventions (structural and non-structural) to minimise the emergent risk.Originality/value -Very rare attempts have been made to bring theoretical models of disaster research in practice; this is mainly because of the complexities associated with the data (selection, availability and subjectivity), methodology (integration, quantification) and resolution (spatial scales). In this direction, this This research article is an extension of the project -Flood Hazard Evaluation and Vulnerability Assessment of Upper Jhelum Floodplain in Kashmir Valleysponsored by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India. Authors are appreciative to the MoES (India) for providing the financial support to carry out this study. However, it is pertinent to mention that MoES is not responsible for any result interpretations expressed in the paper.

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Geomorphic evidence of unrecognized Balapur fault segment in the southwest Kashmir basin of northwest Himalayas

Cited by 36 publications

References 64 publications

Estimation of crustal strain in Kashmir Himalayan region of north India using continuous GPS measurements

Estimation of crustal strain in Kashmir Himalayan region of north India using continuous GPS measurements

Using Landsat satellite data for assessing the land use and land cover change in Kashmir valley

Flood risk assessment of Srinagar city in Jammu and Kashmir, India

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