Geomorphic development of White Island Volcano based on slope stability modelling

Moon, Vicki G.; Bradshaw, Jennifer; Lange, Willem P. de

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.08.003

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Moon et al (2009) identified that the present geomorphology is consistent with at least two major episodes of regressive edifice failure. Smaller failures are ongoing, with the last significant failure occurring in 1914, resulting in the deaths of all 11 inhabitants of the island (Moon et al, 2005).…”

Section: Whakaari Edifice Failure Tsunamisupporting

confidence: 62%

“…There is also evidence of a significant earthquake that produced up to 2 m of coastal subsidence in the central Bay of Plenty (Bell et al, 2004). Such an event is capable of generating the 0.17-0.45 g accelerations required to induce edifice failure at Whakaari (Moon et al, 2009). Hansford (2006) simulated tsunamis generated by edifice failure of Whakaari.…”

Section: Whakaari Edifice Failure Tsunamimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Entry angles from 5-25° at 2.5° increments were tested, with flow volumes of 0.14, 0.28 and 0.56 km 3 (assuming that the flow volume was slightly greater than the final deposit). The width of the debris avalanche was controlled by the shape of the edifice failure as evident in the present-day geomorphology (Moon et al, 2009), and hence was kept constant at 860 m. The initial tsunami waveforms were then propagated onshore into the Bay of Plenty, and the resulting wave heights were compared to inferred wave heights based on the palaeo-tsunami deposits assuming that all the events dated between 2.2 ka and 3.0 ka were a single event. The best match was obtained for entry angles of 20-25° and a flow volume of 0.23 km 3 , suggesting that even though there is evidence for regressive failure, the successive failures behaved as a single generating event.…”

Section: Whakaari Edifice Failure Tsunamimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volcanic Generation of Tsunamis: Two New Zealand Palaeo-Events

Lange

Moon

2016

Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences

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Rapid emplacement of a mass via pyroclastic flows, or edifice failure, generates volcanic tsunamis. Physical modelling demonstrates that the efficiency of tsunami generation is influenced by the angle the mass enters the ocean. Efficiency decreases with increasing slope angle from 20° to 60°, before increasing to a maximum at 90°, which corresponds to a mass falling directly into the ocean without interacting with the slope (impact tsunami). Further, in the case of surging pyroclastic flows or regressive failures, successive closely spaced events may generate larger tsunami waves than a single event of comparable volume.It is difficult to assess if physical model results are meaningful for real world tsunami events due to limited observational data. This paper compares numerical models developed from physical simulations with palaeotsunami deposits from two New Zealand palaeo-events -pyroclastic flows from Mt Tarawera and edifice failure at Whakaari (White Island) -which constrains numerical simulations of the source mechanisms. The Mt Tarawera event involved multiple pyroclastic flows entering a lake during the AD 1314±12 Kaharoa Eruption. The interaction of multiple closely spaced pyroclastic flows is necessary to generate the 6-7 m maximum wave height inferred from near source tsunami deposits. Tsunami deposits in the Bay of Plenty, dated to 2962±52 BP, are consistent with edifice failure at Whakaari. In this case a single event with a volume of 0.23 km 3 is sufficient to account for the tsunami deposits. Hence, if the failure was regressive, the successive stages were sufficiently close together to be indistinguishable from a large single event.

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Section: Whakaari Edifice Failure Tsunamisupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Whakaari Edifice Failure Tsunamimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Whakaari Edifice Failure Tsunamimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Volcanic Generation of Tsunamis: Two New Zealand Palaeo-Events

Lange

Moon

2016

Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences

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“…Past studies at Whakaari have focused on the surveillance and the prediction of future eruptive activity via monitoring of seismicity (Nishi et al, 1996;Sherburn et al, 1998;Jolly et al, 2012) and ground deformation (Clark and Otway, 1982;Fournier and Chardot, 2012;Peltier et al, 2009) as well as the emission (Werner et al, 2008;Bloomberg et al, 2014) and characterization of gases and fluids (Giggenbach et al, 2003). Furthermore, studies of the petrology (Graham and Cole, 1991), the origin and storage of magma (Cole et al, 2000), and the geotechnical characterization and geomorphic development of the edifice have been conducted (Moon et al, 2005(Moon et al, , 2009Heap et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental constraints on phreatic eruption processes at Whakaari (White Island volcano)

Mayer

Scheu

Gilg

et al. 2015

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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f Kakapo Disaster Resilience Trust, 2/48 Brockworth Place, Riccarton, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand a b s t r a c tVigorous hydrothermal activity interspersed by sequences of phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions occur at Whakaari (White Island volcano), New Zealand. Here, we investigate the influence of sample type (hydrothermally altered cemented ash tuffs and unconsolidated ash/lapilli) and fragmentation mechanism (steam flashing versus gas expansion) on fragmentation and ejection velocities as well as on particle-size and shape. Our rapid decompression experiments show that fragmentation and ejection speeds of two ash tuffs, cemented by alunite and amorphous opal, increase with increasing porosity and that both are significantly enhanced in the presence of steam flashing. Ejection speeds of unconsolidated samples are higher than ejection speeds of cemented tuffs, as less energy is consumed by fragmentation. Fragmentation dominated by steam flashing results in increased fragmentation energy and a higher proportion of fine particles. Particle shape analyses before and after fragmentation reveal that both steam flashing and pure gas expansion produce platy or bladed particles from fracturing parallel to the decompression front. Neither fragmentation mechanisms nor sample type show a significant influence on the shape. Our results emphasize that, under identical pressure and temperature conditions, eruptions accompanied by the process of liquid water flashing to steam are significantly more violent than those driven simply by gas expansion. Therefore, phase changes during decompression and cementation are both important considerations for hazard assessment and modeling of eruptions in hydrothermally active environments.

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“…Limit equilibrium methods (c.f., Abramson et al, 2001) are widely used to investigate the stability of slopes in volcanic rocks on Earth (e.g., Okubo, 2004;Apuani et al, 2005;Moon et al, 2005Moon et al, , 2009Longpré et al, 2007) and have also been applied to slopes on Mars (Schultz, 2002;Perko et al, 2006). Of particular importance to the present analysis are the previous investigations that demonstrate the applicability of limit equilibrium methods for investigating the stability and triggering mechanisms of slope failures in the alcoves of terrestrial gullies and hollows (e.g., Hanberg and Tripp, 1990;Lee et al, 1999;Özdemir and Delikanli, 2008;Crosta, 2001;Malet et al, 2005;Brideau et al, 2006Brideau et al, , 2007Ulusay et al, 2007;Poisel et al, 2009;and many others).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%