Geometric Errors of the Pulsed-Wave Doppler Flow Method in Quantifying Degenerative Mitral Valve Regurgitation: A Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Study

Contributions of Simultaneous Multiplane Echocardiographic Imaging in Daily Clinical Practice

“…Measurement of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) area is crucial in estimation of LV stroke volume, mitral regurgitation severity, and aortic valve area . Unfortunately, in routine 2D TTE, important geometric errors can be made in calculating the cross‐sectional area of the LVOT.…”

“…The measurements are monoplane and the LVOT is assumed to have a circular geometry, whereas in reality, the LVOT is a (dynamic) oval structure with a major and minor axis. In fact, by the recommended measurement of the LVOT dimension in the parasternal long‐axis view, the true LVOT area is underestimated by >20% because this dimension corresponds to the minor axis of the oval LVOT . By use of the SMPI xPlane with lateral tilt mode, a cross‐sectional image from the LVOT can be acquired from the parasternal long‐axis view showing the major and minor axes, the perimeter and area of the LVOT (Fig.…”

The impact of different geometric assumption of mitral annulus on the assessment of mitral regurgitation volume by Doppler method

“…However, this method suffers from geometric limitations of twodimensional (2D) echocardiography. In the QPD method, important geometric errors are made in calculating the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the mitral annulus (MA) because of the circular geometric assumption (the CSA of MA was derived as 0.785 d 2 , where d was the diameter of the MA in the apical four-chamber view) [5]. Recently, a series of studies have confirmed that MRvol using effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) (direct planimetry of EROA by real time three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography) multiplied by the MR velocity-time integral (VTI MR ) was highly accurate [6][7][8].…”

Quantification of Mitral Regurgitation by Real Time Three‐Dimensional Color Doppler Flow Echocardiography Pre– and Post–Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

“…[3][4][5][6] During the past decade, real time 3D echocardiography has emerged as a new technique with the potential to overcome most of the shortcomings of two-dimensional (2D) quantification methods. In the absence of a gold standard, various qualitative and quantitative methods are currently recommended by the American and Euro-pean guidelines.…”

“…In addition, all spectral Doppler measurements are angle dependent. [3][4][5][6] During the past decade, real time 3D echocardiography has emerged as a new technique with the potential to overcome most of the shortcomings of two-dimensional (2D) quantification methods. 7 volume, B-mode, and color Doppler information, allowing beat-by-beat quantification of mitral inflow and aortic outflow.…”