Geometric Complexity of Earthquake Rupture Surfaces Preserved in Pseudotachylyte Networks

Abstract

Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that rupture may propagate through geometrically complex networks of faults. Ancient exhumed faults have the potential to reveal the details of complex rupture at seismogenic depths. We present a new set of field observational criteria for determining which of a population of pseudotachylyte fault veins formed in the same earthquake and apply it to map rupture networks representing single earthquakes. An exceptional exposure of an exhumed ancient strand of the Norumbega Shear Zone preserves evidence of multistranded earthquake rupture in the deep seismogenic zone of a continental transform fault. Individual fault strands slipped at least 2–18 cm, so significant slip is represented by each rupture network. Our data show that synchronously slipped faults intersect at angles of 0 to ∼55°, with the opening angles of fault intersections directed toward the dilational quadrants for dextral slip. Multistranded rupture on a fault network instead of rupture of a single fault may result in greater and/or more variable slip and cause slip rake to vary spatially and temporally. Slip on intersecting faults unequivocally means that there will be motion perpendicular to the average fault plane. Modern earthquakes displaying non‐double‐couple components to focal mechanism solutions and spatially varying rake, slip, and anomalous stress drop may be explained by rupture across fault networks that are too close (spatially and temporally) to be resolved seismically as separate events.

Impact Versus Frictional Earthquake Models for High‐Frequency Radiation in Complex Fault Zones

“…4 of 17 model is best thought of as an idealization that may be most relevant when the friction coefficient is very low (e.g., below 0.3), such as during an active earthquake rupture, when it is thought that one or more dynamic weakening mechanisms act to dramatically lower friction (e.g., Rice, 2006;Tullis, 2015), as described in Section 2.1. In this context, it is noteworthy that pseudotachylite (resulting in low dynamic friction) is observed along many of the interacting faults segments, including the complex natural fault geometries noted above (e.g., Rowe et al, 2018;Swanson, 1988).…”

Excitation of San Andreas tremors by thermal instabilities below the seismogenic zone

“…3). The adopted shear layer thickness is on the low range of field observations (25). Outside the unstable region, we use a much larger value to promote stability.…”

Mapping of Rock Permeability in Fault Zones, Hot Spring Flow Systems, and Various Geoinfomatic Research in Collaboration with Kyoto University

“…where the fault zone permeability structure and hydrothermal alteration patterns are well-preserved since the Proterozoic age. I also contributed to a review paper on the topic of fault zone hydrogeology (Bense et al, 2013), and helped to map pseudotachylite networks on outcrop of exhumed fault zone in mylonitic rocks (Rowe et al, 2018).…”