Geometric and electronic structure of positively and negatively poled LiNbO3 (0 0 0 1) surfaces

Yun, Yang; Li, M.; Liao, Daiqing; Kampschulte, Lorenz; Altman, Eric I.

doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.08.001

Cited by 42 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The local atomic structure and the types and concentrations of surface defects on each surface, however, may still be dependent on the polarization orientation. The conclusion that the surfaces had similar compositions is consistent with that reported previously by Lushkin et al 23 and Yun et al 24 For example, Lushkin et al 23 also used AES to characterize the composition of LiNbO 3 ͑0001͒ and found that the c+ and c− surfaces had similar composi- tion and except for the loss of a small amount of oxygen the composition remained constant for annealing temperatures up to 700 K. For higher annealing temperatures, Li depletion was observed and occurred more rapidly on the c+ surface relative to the c− surface. 700 K was used as the annealing temperature in the present study in order to limit the amount of Li desorption.…”

Section: A Pd Film Growth On Linbo 3 "0001…supporting

confidence: 92%

Ferroelectric polarization dependent interactions at Pd–LiNbO3(0001) interfaces

Zhao

Bonnell

Vohs

2009

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films

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A combination of Auger electron spectroscopy and temperature-programed desorption was used to characterize the growth and interaction of Pd films with positively and negatively terminated ferroelectric LiNbO 3 (0001) surfaces. The growth mode of vapor-deposited Pd layers at 300 K was found to be dependent on the direction of the ferroelectric polarization with layer-by-layer growth occurring on the negative (c−) surface and particle formation occurring on the positive (c+) surface. The Pd metal layers were also found to be more thermally stable on the c− surface relative to the c+ surface. These results provide another example of how the polarization orientation in ferroelectric materials affects adsorption and reaction on their exposed surfaces. A combination of Auger electron spectroscopy and temperature-programed desorption was used to characterize the growth and interaction of Pd films with positively and negatively terminated ferroelectric LiNbO 3 ͑0001͒ surfaces. The growth mode of vapor-deposited Pd layers at 300 K was found to be dependent on the direction of the ferroelectric polarization with layer-by-layer growth occurring on the negative ͑c − ͒ surface and particle formation occurring on the positive ͑c + ͒ surface. The Pd metal layers were also found to be more thermally stable on the c− surface relative to the c+ surface. These results provide another example of how the polarization orientation in ferroelectric materials affects adsorption and reaction on their exposed surfaces. Disciplines Engineering | Materials Science and Engineering Comments

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Section: A Pd Film Growth On Linbo 3 "0001…supporting

confidence: 92%

Ferroelectric polarization dependent interactions at Pd–LiNbO3(0001) interfaces

Zhao

Bonnell

Vohs

2009

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films

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“…From ion scattering spectroscopy it was concluded that both Z-cut surfaces are oxygen terminated. 9 On the other hand, coaxial impact-collision ion scattering suggested a Nb surface termination.10,11 The experimental investigations are hindered by the extremely challenging preparation and analysis conditions of strongly polar surfaces of insulating materials: Charging effects preclude the application of electron tunneling or diffraction techniques and unscreened surface charges hinder atomic force microscopy. Nonetheless, reconstructions in surfaces commonly referred to as weakly polar surfaces such as the SrTiO 3 (001) and BaTiO 3 (001), have been recently demonstrated by STM 12,13 and transmission electron microscopy 14 techniques.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This order gives rise to a spontaneous electric dipole moment and strongly polar (0001) and (0001) surfaces, commonly referred to as negative and positive Z cut, respectively. Using electron diffraction, Yun et al 9 found no indication for reconstructions on LN(0001) surfaces at ambient conditions. From ion scattering spectroscopy it was concluded that both Z-cut surfaces are oxygen terminated.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Charge compensation by long-period reconstruction in strongly polar lithium niobate surfaces

et al. 2013

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The microscopic structure of the polar (0001) and (0001) surfaces of lithium niobate is investigated by atomic-resolution frequency modulation atomic force microscopy and first-principles calculations. It is found that the surface reconstructs at annealing temperatures sufficiently high to drive off external adsorbates. In particular a ( √ 7 × √ 7)R19.1• reconstruction is found for the (0001) 1 While these applications exploit the peculiar ferroelectric, piezoelectric, photorefractive, and electro-optical properties of the bulk, the strong electric fields and charges at the surfaces of ferroelectric materials have recently attracted the attention of scientists and engineers. For example, it is possible to grow group III nitrides with spatially varied, absolute polarity control on LN substrates.2 The dipole orientation can be switched at the nanoscale, bearing a great potential for domain-specific surface chemistry as a route towards the fabrication of nanoscale devices.3 LN surface charges were found to enable artificial photosynthesis 4 and to drive photocatalytic dye decolorization. 5 The integration of ferroelectric thin films within liquid environments is investigated in the context of laboratory-on-chip device designs, e.g., for localizing, sensing or activating charged biomolecules.6 High surface electric fields due to pyroelectricity were found to efficiently pole electro-optic polymers 7 and to lead to the reversible fragmentation and self-assembling of nematic liquid crystals. 8 Despite many exciting applications, our actual knowledge of the LN surface atomic structure and the associated surface electric field and surface charge is remarkably limited. LiNbO 3 can be thought of as a stapling of Nb-O 3 -Li trilayers along the [0001] direction (Fig. 1). This order gives rise to a spontaneous electric dipole moment and strongly polar (0001) and (0001) surfaces, commonly referred to as negative and positive Z cut, respectively. Using electron diffraction, Yun et al. 9 found no indication for reconstructions on LN(0001) surfaces at ambient conditions. From ion scattering spectroscopy it was concluded that both Z-cut surfaces are oxygen terminated. 9 On the other hand, coaxial impact-collision ion scattering suggested a Nb surface termination.10,11 The experimental investigations are hindered by the extremely challenging preparation and analysis conditions of strongly polar surfaces of insulating materials: Charging effects preclude the application of electron tunneling or diffraction techniques and unscreened surface charges hinder atomic force microscopy. Nonetheless, reconstructions in surfaces commonly referred to as weakly polar surfaces such as the SrTiO 3 (001) and BaTiO 3 (001), have been recently demonstrated by STM 12,13 and transmission electron microscopy 14 techniques. Moreover, the structural and physical properties of polar surfaces are strongly temperature dependent. 15 Only recently, atomic resolution images of the LN(0001) surface have been obtained by frequency modulation atomic force micro...

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“…Another related compound is LiNbO3, which is a ferroelectric with trigonal crystal symmetry. This material has also been studied by surface-science techniques reported by Yun et al [1] Their 1×1 bulk terminated structure was clearly evident in all LEED patterns. The surface charge on this polar material originates from (un-ordered) oxygen adatoms and vacancies on Nb-terminated and Li-terminated surface respectively, but no reconstruction was distinguishable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Surface reconstruction of hexagonal Y-dopedHoMnO3andLuMnO3studied using low-energy electron diffraction

et al. 2010

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We have investigated the (0001) surfaces of several hexagonal manganite perovskites by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) in order to determine if the surface periodicity is different from that of the bulk materials. These LEED studies were conducted using nearnormal incidence geometry with a low energy electron microscope (LEEM)/LEED apparatus from room temperature to 1200°C and with an electron energy in the range of 15 -50 eV. Diffraction patterns showed features of bulk-terminated periodicity as well as a 2×2 surface reconstruction. Possible origins for this surface reconstruction structure are discussed and comparisons are made with surface studies of other complex oxides.2

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Geometric and electronic structure of positively and negatively poled LiNbO3 (0 0 0 1) surfaces

Cited by 42 publications

References 43 publications

Ferroelectric polarization dependent interactions at Pd–LiNbO3(0001) interfaces

Ferroelectric polarization dependent interactions at Pd–LiNbO3(0001) interfaces

Charge compensation by long-period reconstruction in strongly polar lithium niobate surfaces

Surface reconstruction of hexagonal Y-dopedHoMnO3andLuMnO3studied using low-energy electron diffraction

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