Geomechanical Evaluation of Derinkuyu Antique Underground City and its Implications in Geoengineering

Effects of Geo-Engineering Characteristics of the Soft Tuffs and Environmental Conditions on the Rock-Hewn Historical Structures at Zelve Open Air Museum, Cappadocia, Turkey

“…According to experimental studies conducted by Aydan and Ulusay (2003) and Aydan et al (2007Aydan et al ( , 2008, mechanical properties of the Cappadocian tuffs change with the number of wetting-drying cycles, and this change is higher than that in dry conditions. In other words, the strength of the tuff reduces drastically under saturated conditions, and the process of freezing and thawing accelerates further degradation of the rock under such conditions.…”

“…As stated by some investigators (Topal, 1995;Topal and Doyuran, 1997;Aydan et al, 2008;Ergü ler, 2009;and Ergü ler and Ulusay 2009), wetting-drying and freezing-thawing processes are important processes that control the disintegration of tuffs and similar rocks. In the literature, it is stated that stresses developed during repeated freezing processes reach up to 200 MPa, especially at narrow and closed discontinuities, and repeatedly exceed the tensile strength of the rock and play an important role in Figure 12.…”

“…The amount of annual average erosion, which has been either computed from existing structures or measured in situ at different parts of Cappadocia by Aydan et al (2008), is between 0.04 and 1.6 mm. The amount of annual average erosion, which has been either computed from existing structures or measured in situ at different parts of Cappadocia by Aydan et al (2008), is between 0.04 and 1.6 mm.…”

ISRM Suggested Methods for Determining the Creep Characteristics of Rock

“…On the basis of the experimental results on various rocks by several researchers (Ishizuka et al 1993;Kawakita et al 1981;Masuda et al 1987;Aydan et al 1995), Aydan and Table 4 Linear models r ij ; e kl , and _ e kl are stress, strain, and strain rate tensors, respectively Table 5 Nonlinear models F and G are yield and plastic potential functions, respectively. Indices ''r'' and ''p'' stand for adjectives ''recoverable'' and ''permanent'' respectively suggested methods can be represented in terms of their uniaxial compressive strength (r cs ) and the duration (s) of a short-term experiment by the following function (Aydan and Nawrocki 1998;Aydan and Ulusay 2013):…”

Nondestructive Testing of Stabilized Soils and Soft Rocks via Needle Penetration

“…Rock type, mineralogy and grain size are likely to affect NP readings [12]. As the damage caused by the needle penetration is negligible, the device can also be used to assess the properties in archeological remains [13]. It has been widely used in many engineering projects in Japan, however, it is not well known in remaining parts of the world.…”