Geomagnetically Induced Currents: A Threat to Modern Power Systems

Oyedokun, D.T.O.; Cilliers, Pierre J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812441-3.00016-1

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, the temperature of the sunspot is still very hot, approximately 6,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarities and can be very large, with a diameter up to 50,0000 km, and individual sunspots might continue for a few days to months [129]. When the energy in the interior of the Sun is released from sunspots, solar flares and CMEs will erupt into interplanetary space, and it is important to note that not all sunspots give rise to eruptive solar activity or are accompanied with CMEs.…”

Section: A Sunspotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These variations in the ionosphere result in changing the magnetic field at the Earth's surface and cause GMDs and the disruption of radio-based communications on Earth. Solar flares are often accompanied by, or are precursors to, CMEs [129,131,132].…”

Section: B Solar Flaresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) space weather scale, geomagnetic storms are classified into five levels. The space weather prediction centre (SWPC) forecasters predict levels of geomagnetics in a 3-day forecast based on discussion and analysis of CMEs [4,81,127,129]. In addition, machine learning techniques are another promising opportunity for predicting coronal mass ejections on the Sun and related GMDs [134].…”

Section: Cmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This corona plasma is low beta, high conductivity, and it is heated to approximately 1 -2 million Kelvin, by processes that are still not fully understood [136]. It contains a strong embedded magnetic field and has pressure that is much higher than the pressure of interstellar space, and as a result, it expands and radiates outward, accelerating particles into the solar system and interacts with the Earth's environment through interplanetary space [129]. The speed of this solar wind differs according to the location of origin.…”

Section: Solar Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plane-wave method assumes a plane-wave over the surface of the earth that vertically propagates downward in the z-direction into the earth with a layered or uniform conductivity structure. This structure contains horizontal layers with a thickness ( ) and conductivity ( ), which can be represented in using a 1D [39,77,96,122,129,158,[171][172][173] layered uniform earth model, and the conductivity varies with depth. Each layer is assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous and infinitely extended in the x, y, and z directions, northward, eastward, and downward, respectively.…”

Section: Geoelectric Field At the Earth's Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Geomagnetically Induced Current Effects on Electrical Power System: Principles and Theory

et al. 2020

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Geomagnetically induced current (GIC) has been a significant concern for the electrical power grid in high latitudes for decades. Its origin starts in the Sun; during extreme space weather, the magnetic field of the Earth varies rapidly. This variation induces electric fields at the Earth's surface and leads to GICs in manmade technologies. Power systems are the most affected by this induced current, which causes halfcycle saturation of power transformers and other issues. Understanding the behaviours and chain effects of this phenomenon is the key consideration in modelling the hazards to technological systems from space weather. In this paper, a comprehensive review of space weather, geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs) and GICs and their impacts on the power systems in both high and mid-low latitude regions is presented. Additionally, we highlight the most commonly used methods to model and calculate geoelectric fields at the Earth's surface and GIC in the power systems with respect to DC and AC analysis. In addition, we have classified the GIC effects on the different power system components. Moreover, the possible solutions and mitigation techniques to eliminate or reduce these effects based on different GIC blocking devices are reviewed in this work. This work provides researchers and power system operators a shortcut road path to understanding GIC phenomena, modelling and calculations, effects, and mitigation of these effects.

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Section: A Sunspotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Solar Flaresmentioning

confidence: 99%