Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis of Bentonite Deposits in Miocene Volcano–Sedimentary Units of the Balikesir Region, Western Anatolia, Turkey

Kadır, Selahattın; Külah, Tacit; Erkoyun, Hülya; Christidis, George E.; Arslanyan, Raffİ

doi:10.1007/s42860-019-00029-w

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This result is a further confirmation for the conclusion reached by Kettanah et al (2021) about the common origin of these three rock types in the Hemrin area. Bentonite deposits of Balikesir region, NW Turkey (Kadir et al, 2019) and few east Aegean islands and western Thrace region, NE Greece (Koutsopoulou et al, 2016) fall in the same field of the studied ZBT deposit in the Th versus Co diagram of Hastie et al (2007). The Th/Yb vs. Ta/Yb tectonic discrimination diagram (Wilson and Bianchini, 1999) showed that the Zarloukh bentonite and tuff, and the Hemrin Basalt are of orogenic (collision-related) origin (Figure 9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Zarloukh Bentonite −Tuff deposit, Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq: implications for genesis and geotectonics

Kettanah¹

2021

Turkish J Earth Sci

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Zarloukh Bentonite −Tuff deposit, Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq: implications for genesis and geotectonics

Kettanah¹

2021

Turkish J Earth Sci

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“…When the octahedral occupancy is larger than 4 in dioctahedral smectites, some of the Mg might also be present in the interlayer, according to several authors. From this consideration, Herbert et al 2004 Kadir et al (2019), among others, allocate some of the Mg atoms as interlayer cations. According to them, if the sum exceeds 4 or 6 p.u.f., respectively, for dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites, an amount of Mg equal to the difference in the number of octahedral cations should be allocated to the interlayer.…”

Section: The Structural Formula Of Smectitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the structural formula of smectites: a review and new data on the influence of exchangeable cations

et al. 2021

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The understanding of the structural formula of smectite minerals is basic to predicting their physicochemical properties, which depend on the location of the cation substitutions within their 2:1 layer. This implies knowing the correct distribution and structural positions of the cations, which allows assigning the source of the layer charge of the tetrahedral or octahedral sheet, determining the total number of octahedral cations and, consequently, knowing the type of smectite. However, sometimes the structural formula obtained is not accurate. A key reason for the complexity of obtaining the correct structural formula is the presence of different exchangeable cations, especially Mg. Most smectites, to some extent, contain Mg2+ that can be on both octahedral and interlayer positions. This indeterminacy can lead to errors when constructing the structural formula. To estimate the correct position of the Mg2+ ions, that is their distribution over the octahedral and interlayer positions, it is necessary to substitute the interlayer Mg2+ and work with samples saturated with a known cation (homoionic samples). Seven smectites of the dioctahedral and trioctahedral types were homoionized with Ca2+, substituting the natural exchangeable cations. Several differences were found between the formulae obtained for the natural and Ca2+ homoionic samples. Both layer and interlayer charges increased, and the calculated numbers of octahedral cations in the homoionic samples were closer to four and six in the dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites, respectively, with respect to the values calculated in the non-homoionic samples. This change was not limited to the octahedral sheet and interlayer, because the tetrahedral content also changed. For both dioctahedral and trioctahedral samples, the structural formulae improved considerably after homoionization of the samples, although higher accuracy was obtained the more magnesic and trioctahedral the smectites were. Additionally, the changes in the structural formulae sometimes resulted in changing the classification of the smectite.

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“…Při interakci těchto roztoků s vulkanickým sklem vznikají jílové minerály, které spotřebují většinu uvolněného oxidu křemičitého a hliníku, ale ponechávají v roztoku více mobilní prvky jako je například Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg nebo Fe (např. Shiraki et al 1987;Fiore et al 1999;Kadir et al 2019).…”

Section: Diskuzeunclassified

Mineralogická charakteristika sekundárních změn miocenních vulkanoklastických hornin z jižní a střední Moravy (Česká republika)

Buriánek¹,

Krejčí²,

Krejčí³

et al. 2021

Geologické výzkumy

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Bentonite is a significant industrial raw material which deposits deserve protection. The initiative for elaborating this study was the decision from November 2019 of the current owner (the town of Ivančice) to remediate the entire area of the deposit Ivančice-Réna. Lower Miocene volcaniclastic rocks from the Ivančice-Réna (Ivančice) and Middle Miocene sediments in surrounding area of Lipník nad Bečvou are relatively rich in clay minerals (smectites). The mineralogical characteristics of the volcaniclastic rocks were examined using several methods: polarized-light microscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), electron microprobe (SEM–WDX), and whole-rocks chemical analysis (ICP-MS). Acid ash-fall tuff and/or very fine-grained tuffite form layers with variable thickness (several cm to m). Grains larger than clay fraction are formed by K-feldspars, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite and quartz crystals accompanied by fragments of pumice and glass shards. The whole-rocks chemical composition of the investigated volcaniclastic rocks indicates similar magmatic sources for both examined samples (Y = 28 and 29 ppm, Yb = 2.8 and 3.2 ppm, Nb = 12 and 14 ppm, Ta = 1.1 and 1.2 ppm, Zr/Ti = 0.16 and 0.17 and Nb/Y = 0.4 and 0.5). The formation of smectite from alteration of rhyolite volcanic glass is accompanied by an increased loss on ignition (LOI: 9.4 and 20.2 wt. %) together with a decrease in K2O (0.7 and 2.1 wt. %) and Na2O (0.6 and 2.1 wt. %). The absence of a negative Ce anomaly suggests that secondary alterations took place under suboxic or anoxic conditions. Smectite and minor opal partially replace volcanic glass and pumice shards. Plagioclase (Ab59–60) and K-feldspar (Or62–78 Ab21–33 An0–1) crystals are relatively fresh (weak sericitic alteration). Biotite is partly to wholly oxidized and chloritized (4.9–6.2 wt. % K2O). Iron oxyhydroxides are present only as minor components. Variation of intensity of secondary alteration (bentonitization) within the studied volcanoclastic layer from the Ivančice-Réna suggests sedimentation in lacustrine environment. In contrast to the case of the sample from Lipník nad Bečvou, the smectite was formed authigenetically from volcanic glass in interaction with seawater or during an early diagenetic process.

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Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis of Bentonite Deposits in Miocene Volcano–Sedimentary Units of the Balikesir Region, Western Anatolia, Turkey

Cited by 15 publications

References 54 publications

Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Zarloukh Bentonite −Tuff deposit, Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq: implications for genesis and geotectonics

Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Zarloukh Bentonite −Tuff deposit, Hemrin South Mountain, northern Iraq: implications for genesis and geotectonics

On the structural formula of smectites: a review and new data on the influence of exchangeable cations

Mineralogická charakteristika sekundárních změn miocenních vulkanoklastických hornin z jižní a střední Moravy (Česká republika)

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