Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the gold-bearing stibnite and cinnabar deposits in the Emirli and Halıköy areas (Ödemiş, İzmir, West Turkey)

Akçay, Miğraç; Özkan, Hatice; Moon, Charlie J.; Spiro, Baruch

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2004.12.006

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The arsenic sulphide phases, orpiment (As 2 S 3 ), realgar (α-As 4 S 4 ) and pararealgar (As 4 S 4 ) have been widely used as pigments, as testified by the name of the As 2 S 3 phase orpiment, being derived from the Latin for "golden pigment". Arsenic sulphide minerals form in association with volcanic sublimates around fumaroles [190] and in association with gold mineralization [191,192].…”

Section: Orpiment Realgar and Pararealgarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cinnabar (HgS) is a bright red mineral which is locally abundant in Almadén, Spain, a number of localities in south Central China and several other regions, including notably several sources in Central Europe and the Near East [191,208]. The Spanish and Chinese localities are historically significant for the exploitation of cinnabar as a pigment, and it is not surprising that early uses of this mineral in artists palettes are associated broadly with these regions.…”

Section: Cinnabarmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials

Siddall

2018

Minerals

131

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Naturally occurring minerals or their synthetic analogues have been important as pigments used in artistic and cosmetic contexts in global antiquity. The analysis and identification of mineral pigments, though routine to the petrologist or mineralogist, also requires specialist knowledge of the archaeological contexts and available technologies and trade. This paper attempts to present an analytical approach to the study of mineral pigments in archaeology and also introduces the range of mineral pigments encountered in works of art and painted objects on archaeological sites and in museums. It attempts to cover the range of mineral and synthetic inorganic pigments used in global cultures from to the early Medieval period.

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Section: Orpiment Realgar and Pararealgarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cinnabarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials

Siddall

2018

Minerals

131

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“…Many geoscientists have been interested in the Menderes Massif for its special tectonic and geological characteristics and various metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits, such as Au-Ag-Sb, Cr, feldspar, gemquality transparent diaspore and emery deposits (Larson & Erler, 1993;Yalçın et al, 1993;Akçay et al, 1996Akçay et al, , 2003Akçay et al, , 2006Uygun & Gümüşçü, 2000;Hatipog lu et al, 2010). The corundum-rich metabauxites (emery rocks in commercial term) consist chiefly of alumina and iron minerals.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Metamorphism of Corundum‐Rich Metabauxites at Mt. Ismail in the Southern Menderes Massif, SW Turkey

Aydoğan

Moazzen

2012

Resource Geology

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The corundum-rich metabauxites, found at the northwest limb of an NE-SW-trending isoclinal recumbent fold at Mt. Ismail, are enclosed in thick-bedded platform-type marbles of Late Cretaceous age, surrounding the polymetamorphic core series in the southern part of the Menderes Massif (SW Turkey). The metabauxite horizons observed as typically boudine-like structure, extend laterally over c. 3 km and are 1 to 5 m thick. These rocks have dominant mineral assemblages of corundum (~50 modal %), chloritoid (~30 modal %), white mica (margarite, muscovite), diaspore, Fe-Ti-Oxides (ilmenite, ilmenohematite, rutile), and goethite, limonite, pyrite, tourmaline (uvite, schorl) as minor phases. Chemical analyses of whole rock samples and the mineral assemblage indicate that coexisting minerals of metabauxites are highly aluminous. A number of minerals (e.g. chloritoid and margarite) display a large compositional variation reflecting the initial chemical inhomogenetiy of the karstbauxites. The field observations, trace-element accumulation coefficients, concentration of elements such as Cr, Zr, Ga and Ni and low amounts of immobile elements all suggest that the studied corundum-rich metabauxites can be classified as karstbauxites, and are more likely to be a product of weathering of intermediate igneous or argillaceous parental rocks, similar to the karstic Tauric bauxites in the Central Taurides (Seydi şehir region) and probably are similar in age (Cenomanian-Turonian). In respect of tectono-metamorphic evolution, the studied corundum-rich metabauxites were regionally metamorphosed at~5-6 kbar pressure and 500-600°C as a consequence of the Barrovian metamorphism referred to as the 'Main Menderes Metamorphism' related to the ophiolitic obduction onto the Menderes platform from the Izmir-Ankara Suture during the Middle Eocene.

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“…the two largest mercury deposits -Almadén in Spain and Idrija in Slovenia ;Saupé 1990;Jébrak and Hernandez 1995;Hernández et al 1999;Lavrič and Spanberg 2003; or great number of small deposits -e.g. Akçay et al 2006;Martín-Izard et al 2009) and ii) epithermal deposits like the silica-carbonate deposits formed during hydrothermal alteration and replacement of serpentinite bodies (< 5.3 Ma in age; New Almadén and New Idria in California, USA; e.g. Studemeister 1984;Smith et al 2008), as well as numerous hot-spring mercury deposits worldwide (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid inclusion study of the Horní Luby cinnabar deposit, Saxothuringian Zone, Bohemian Massif: clues for the metamorphic remobilization of mercury

Velebil¹,

Zachariáš²

2013

J. Geosci.

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The stratiform deposit of mercury at Horní Luby near Cheb (Czech Republic) is hosted by Ordovician phyllites of Vogtland-Saxony Paleozoic Unit in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Bohemian Massif. Ore is represented by cinnabar disseminated within the phyllite and by lenticular bodies rich in massive cinnabar (lenses with a thickness of up to 1 m and length along the strike varying from less than 1 m up to 20 m). Cinnabar is accompanied by pyrite and locally also siderite. The P-T history of the mineralization was deciphered by the study of fluid inclusions. Early fluids are represented by a homogenous H 2 O-CO 2 fluid trapped in secretion quartz. This fluid underwent several heterogenization events starting from approximately 300 °C and continued down to 200-150 °C. Metamorphic quartz of secretion origin crystallized at ~300 °C, while hydrothermal pyrite crystallized at 220-210 °C and cinnabar at 195-160 °C. The formation of the richest ore was associated with the replacement of metamorphic quartz in phyllites by the cinnabar in weakly alkaline solutions. The cinnabar is pure phase, free of admixtures (Bi, Sb, Zn, Fe, and Cu). It is accompanied by minute blebs of Hg-bearing sphalerite (11-12 wt. % Hg) that might indicate earlier presence of the zincian metacinnabar and more complex metamorphic history of the ore. The primary source of mercury is thought to be Lower Paleozoic submarine volcanism. The formation of ore bodies is, however, associated with metamorphic mobilization of mercury during the late stages of the Variscan orogeny. Despite being relatively small, the mercury deposit at Horní Luby competed with the mines in Idrija (Slovenia) and Almadén (Spain) in the 16 th century. The production of mercury at Horní Luby is estimated to have corresponded to c. 10-30 % of the mercury production in the mines of Idrija and Almadén at that time. In addition to Venice, the mercury from Horní Luby was also supplied to Nürnberg, Antwerp and Lyon. In 1520-1540, the production of mercury from the Horní Luby mines was 6 to 15 tons per annum. The mines were abandoned in 1597. Attempts to reinstitute mining activity in the 17 th , 18 th and 19 th centuries were not very extensive and always failed. The total production of the Horní Luby mines during the whole mining history is estimated to have been at least 200 tons of mercury. Much of this amount was extracted between 1520 and 1540, with a minor portion between 1560-1570.

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Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the gold-bearing stibnite and cinnabar deposits in the Emirli and Halıköy areas (Ödemiş, İzmir, West Turkey)

Cited by 22 publications

References 77 publications

Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials

Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials

Origin and Metamorphism of Corundum‐Rich Metabauxites at Mt. Ismail in the Southern Menderes Massif, SW Turkey

Fluid inclusion study of the Horní Luby cinnabar deposit, Saxothuringian Zone, Bohemian Massif: clues for the metamorphic remobilization of mercury

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