Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazığ–Malatya region, eastern Turkey

Abstract

In the study region, the Pütürge Precambrian-Permian metamorphic rocks, the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Guleman ophiolites, the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene Hazar unit, the Campanian-Lower Maastrichtian aged Elazığ magmatics, and the Middle Eocene Maden complex crop out extensively. The Maden complex containing ferromanganese mineralization unconformably overlies the Pütürge metamorphic rocks, the Guleman ophiolites, and the Hazar unit and is unconformably overlain by Plio-Quaternary sediments. The ferromanganese (Mn-Fe) ores in the Elazığ-Malatya region, eastern Turkey, are hosted in the mudstone member of the volcano-sedimentary part of the Middle Eocene Maden complex as lenses or interbedded layers. In the Elazığ-Malatya region, Mn-Fe ores occur at eight localities, namely, Beyhan, Palu, Sarıkamış, Koçkale, Germili, Hazar, Alihan, and Kom. Mn-Fe ores are found in the Koçkale and Palu deposits as a single bed but in the Hazar and Kom deposits as two beds and in the Sarıkamış, Germili, and Alihan deposits in three levels. The thickness of these mineralized levels ranges from 0.3 m to 10 m. All the investigated mineralizations are conformable with the foot wall mudstones. Braunite, bixbyite, jacobsite, pyrolusite, manganite, and psilomelane are the main manganese oxide minerals. Hematite, barite, and pyrite are also found in variable amounts in the ferromanganese ores. The trace element content of all studied ferromanganese deposits is generally in low concentrations and tends to enrichment in the assemblage of Ba, Sr, V, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As with a geochemical characteristic similar to hydrothermal deposits. Rare earth element (REE) patterns of the Maden complex Mn-Fe deposits support a hydrothermal origin, with a slight enrichment in the middle REE (4.04-29.91 ppm, average = 16.49) and a slightly high concentration of total average = 517.85). In all the investigated deposits, REE patterns displayed negative Ce (0.08 to 0.72, average = 0.15) and Eu (0.55 to 0.82, average = 0.72) anomalies. This shows that low-temperature hydrothermal fluids played an important role in the formation of mineralization. The ore deposition is similar to that of sedimentary-exhalative mineralization, deposited within the Maden marginal basin.

Genesis of the Enkafela Mn deposit: a record of submarine hydrothermal activity in the Afar Depression, Northeast Ethiopia

“…Bonatti et al (1972) confirmed that the two elements are found as a solid solution in the form of strontio-barite. The concentration of Ba in hydrothermal solution is higher relative to sea water due to the impact of volcanic activity (Monnin et al 2001;Oksuz 2011;Sasmaz et al 2014), which still points to the dominant hydrothermal influence on Enkafela Mn deposit. The concentration of transition metals like Ni, Zn, Co and Cu is also utilised to understand the source and depositional mechanism of manganese deposits (Bonatti et al 1972;Toth 1980;Kahrazehi et al 2015).…”

Re-assessing the notion(s) of craft standardization through diversity statistics: A pilot study on Late Chalcolithic pottery from Arslantepe in Eastern Anatolia

“…The eastern part is instead dominated by the Late Cretaceous Ispendere ophiolites and the Middle Eocene Maden Complex. The former exhibit an intact ophiolitic sequence intruded by granites [ 82 ], the latter a volcanosedimentary sequence with conglomerates, sandstones, limestones, mudstones, spilitic lavas, radiolarites, cherts, altered basalts and andesites [ 80 , 81 , 83 ].…”

Geçityaka Köyü (Tunceli) Çevresindeki Elazığ Magmatik Kompleksi’ne Ait Kayaçların Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri

“…Yılmaz [2], bölgeyi üç tektonik birime ayırmıştır: (I) Arap platformu, (II) bindirme bölgesi, (III) nap 681 bölgesi. GAOK, (1) Malatya, Keban, Engizek ve Binboğa masifleri dâhil olmak üzere Güneydoğu Anadolu'nun Neoproterozoik-Triyas metamorfik masiflerinden [3][4][5]; (2) Geç Kretase okyanus içi yay sistemi birimlerinden (ofiyolitler ve yay tipi/çarpışma sonrası magmatik kayaçlar) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] ve (3) Geç Kretase-Kuvaterner yaşlı volkanik ve sedimanter kayaçlarından oluşmaktadır [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”