Geologically controlled waterfall types in the Outer Carpathians

Alexandrowicz, Zofia

doi:10.1016/0169-555x(94)90073-6

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The role of lithology in long profile morphology and evolution (and landscape evolution in general) merits further investigation, not least because of the emphasis that Hack (1973) placed on the importance of lithology (cf. Miller, 1991;Alexandrowicz, 1994).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Knickpoint recession rate and catchment area: the case of uplifted rivers in Eastern Scotland

Bishop

Hoey

Jansen

et al. 2005

Earth Surf Processes Landf

315

279

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Knickpoint behaviour is a key to understanding both the landscape responses to a base-level fall and the corresponding sediment fluxes from rejuvenated catchments, and must be accommodated in numerical models of large-scale landscape evolution. Knickpoint recession in streams draining to glacio-isostatically uplifted shorelines in eastern Scotland is used to assess whether knickpoint recession is a function of discharge (here represented by its surrogate, catchment area). Knickpoints are identified using DS plots (log slope versus log downstream distance). A statistically significant power relationship is found between distance of headward recession and catchment area. Such knickpoint recession data may be used to determine the values of m and n in the stream power law, E = = = = = KA m S n . The data have too many uncertainties, however, to judge definitively whether they are consistent with m = = = = = n = = = = = 1 (bedrock erosion is proportional to stream power and KPs should be maintained and propagate headwards) or m = = = = = 0·3, n = = = = = 0·7 (bedrock incision is proportional to shear stress and KPs do not propagate but degrade in place by rotation or replacement). Nonetheless, the E Scotland m and n values point to the dominance of catchment area (discharge) in determining knickpoint retreat rates and are therefore more consistent with the stream power law formulation in which bedrock erosion is proportional to stream power.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field observations indicate that bedrock lithology and structure are important determinants of KP morphology and behaviour (e.g. Miller, 1991;Alexandrowicz, 1994) but neither undercutting nor a caprock is essential for knickpoint/waterfall maintenance and propagation (Young, 1985;Bishop and Goldrick, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knickpoint recession rate and catchment area: the case of uplifted rivers in Eastern Scotland

Bishop

Hoey

Jansen

et al. 2005

Earth Surf Processes Landf

315

279

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“…The geological control of waterfalls is well known, and usually they represent a significant evidence for faulting or fracturing (Schwarzbach 1967, Philbrick 1970, Barcha and Arid 1975, Young 1985, Deffontaines and Chorowicz 1991, Alexandrowicz 1994. On the other hand, erosional action of waters upon beds of different resistance degrees and the underground rivers surging can also generate waterfalls (Holmes 1966, Schwarzbach 1967, Christofoletti 1974, 1981, Coltrinari 1994.…”

Section: Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and genesis of waterfalls of the Presidente Figueiredo region, Northeast State of Amazonas, Brazil

Nogueira

Sarges

2001

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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The waterfalls of the Presidente Figueiredo municipality represent a fascinating natural scenery of northeast state of Amazonas, northern Brazil. The falls, generally less than 10m high, are developed on siliciclastic rocks of the Nhamundá (Lower Silurian), and Manacapuru (Upper Silurian -Lower Devonian) formations. Morphological and structural analyses of these features indicate that most of them originated through Quaternary neotectonics and are installed in NE-trending normal fault escarpments. Waterfalls also developed within pseudokarstic features, but are less frequent.The origin of the Presidente Figueiredo waterfalls probably goes back to the Neogene, when the region was submitted to laterization processes associated with a humid climate and a dense rainforest. These conditions favored the development of caves in quartzarenites of the Nhamundá Formation. During the Quaternary, the region was subjected to NE-trending normal faulting which displaced laterite layers, rivers and streams giving rise to waterfalls. These climatic and tectonic phenomena promoted intense relief dissection, as indicated by fault escarpment retreat and cave dismantlement, responsible for the present-day morphologic configuration.

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“…Such recession plays a significant role in the evolution of mountainous and plateau terrains to form new longitudinal profiles of rivers responding to base-level changes induced by climatic, tectonic, or volcanic forcings [3][4][5][6]. Mechanisms and rates of waterfall recession have been examined through field investigations [7][8][9][10], physical experiments [11][12][13][14], and numerical simulations [15][16][17]. Although the erosion rate of waterfalls is often considered to be independent from its mechanism [9,18], detailed mechanical investigation is necessary for improving models of waterfall recession and longitudinal profile development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability Analysis of Cliff Face around Kegon Falls in Nikko, Eastern Japan: An Implication to Its Erosional Mechanisms

Hayakawa¹

2013

IJG

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A waterfall highlights the locus of active fluvial erosion of bedrock, and its mechanism has been the subject of several studies; however, erosional processes remain to be clarified for specific rock structures composing a waterfall. Herein, the detailed morphology of cliffs around a waterfall is examined by a terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) approach to analyze erosional processes occurring in the cliffs. The study site is Kegon Falls in Japan, which has a vertical drop of surface water from the top of its cliff and groundwater outflows from its lower portion. The entire cliff is mostly overhanging and minor rockfalls are often observed. The latest major rockfall occurred in 1986, causing an approximate 8-m upstream shift of the waterfall lip. From the point cloud obtained by TLS measurement, a digital elevation model on a vertical plane was generated, and cross-sectional profiles were extracted. A distinct 5-to 10-m depression was found at the bottom of the upper andesite layer of the waterfall cliff, which appears to have been formed by freeze-thaw and wet-dry weathering following the upstream shift of the surface water drop. Stability analysis of the waterfall cliff with an undercutting notch indicates that the igneous rock composing the cliff is sufficiently strong to maintain its current overhanging shape and that catastrophic collapse of the entire waterfall face rarely occurs. Following the formation of the depression, the upper cliff face appears to have been gradually eroded by gravitational collapses of relatively small blocks bounded by columnar and platy joints.

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Geologically controlled waterfall types in the Outer Carpathians

Cited by 34 publications

References 2 publications

Knickpoint recession rate and catchment area: the case of uplifted rivers in Eastern Scotland

Knickpoint recession rate and catchment area: the case of uplifted rivers in Eastern Scotland

Characterization and genesis of waterfalls of the Presidente Figueiredo region, Northeast State of Amazonas, Brazil

Stability Analysis of Cliff Face around Kegon Falls in Nikko, Eastern Japan: An Implication to Its Erosional Mechanisms

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