Geological Insights into Exploration and Extraction of Lithium from Oilfield Produced-Water in the USA: A Review

Abstract

The significance of lithium (Li) in modern applications, such as lithium battery production for electric vehicles, and various manufacturing processes, underscores its important role in our daily lives. However, conventional methods of lithium production from spodumene or salars face challenges in meeting the rapidly growing demand due to limited recovery rates and prolonged production times. In response, our paper offers a review of distinctive exploration focusing on novel pathways for lithium recovery, with a particular emphasis on the geological perspective within the oil and gas industry. Central to our analysis is the untapped potential of oilfield brines as a significant lithium source, notably formations like the Smackover Formation of the Gulf Coast. Through our geological lens, we provide a comprehensive understanding of lithium enrichment processes, including the complex interplay of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes, which informs our analysis of lithium recovery technologies and highlights opportunities and challenges associated with meeting the growing demand for this critical mineral. The uniqueness of our review lies in its meticulous analysis of the advantages offered by oilfield brines over conventional sources. This review paper not only presents these advantages but also comprehensively addresses the challenges and limitations associated with lithium extraction, contributing to a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in lithium recovery from oilfield brines. We emphasize the potential of the United States to emerge as a pivotal player in the global lithium production and supply sectors, aiming to bridge the critical demand-supply gap and offer actionable insights for the industry. Our review seeks a comprehensive examination of the challenges and limitations in lithium extraction from unconventional sources, providing valuable insights that extend beyond conventional exploration efforts. By addressing these gaps, we aim to present a more complete and forward-looking perspective on the evolving landscape of lithium extraction, offering a roadmap for sustainable and efficient lithium recovery methods in the future.