Geohazard cascade and mechanism of large debris flows in Tianmo gully, SE Tibetan Plateau and implications to hazard monitoring

Wei, Ruichao; Zeng, Qingli; Davies, Tim; Gao, Yuan; Wang, Kaiyang; Xue, Xin; Yin, Qian

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.12.013

Cited by 89 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…both the "catastrophic events" with magnitudes of several hundred thousand to more than tens of millions of cubic meters and the smaller ones with magnitudes of several thousand cubic meters or less) in the present work, most of the cases presented here are catastrophic ones, given the reality that catastrophic events are generally more frequently and better documented than smaller events (though the latter events are much more frequent). Investigations of typical DFMC events have confirmed that they can be initially triggered by geo-mechanical or hydraulic processes, but as summarized in Table 1, large-scale and very large-scale events have been mostly initially triggered by geo-mechanic-related processes, such as sudden collapses or landslides of glacial margins or rock slopes (Baer et al, 2017;Deline et al, 2015;Walter et al, 2020;Wei et al, 2018). Events in Kolka-Karmadon, Russian Caucasus (Haeberli et al, 2004), Mount Meager, Canada (Guthrie et al, 2012, and the Rio Santa valley, Peru (Evans et al, 2009;Mergili et al, 2018) all demonstrated such features.…”

Section: Examples Of Dfmc Events From Literature and Their Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other three large DFMC events (on July 25 andSeptember 3, 2010, andJuly 11, 2018, respectively) in this gully are understood to have been mainly caused by precipitation and rapid icemelt/snowmelt flow during the summer, and also by the breach of a moraine dam that was temporarily formed by a landslide or avalanche laterally from gully slopes (e.g. Wei et al, 2018). The DFMC event on the Gangotri glaciers was also triggered by multiple factors, including glacier retreat, the degradation of the ice-core moraine, an accumulation of loose sediments, continuous rainfall, and the breach of the moraine-dammed lake (Kumar et al, 2019;Singh et al, 2018).…”

Section: Examples Of Dfmc Events From Literature and Their Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High mountain ranges worldwide (e.g. European Alps, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Caucasus Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Rocky Mountains, and Andes Mountains) are subject to frequent occurrences of DFMC (Deng et al, 2017;Du and Zhang, 1981;Evans and Delaney, 2015;Evans et al, 2009;Guthrie et al, 2012;Mergili et al, 2018;Wei and Gao, 1992;Wei et al, 2018) (Figure 1). Although mainly initiated in remote high mountains, many DFMC events have reached downstream temperate inhabited areas, thus causing enormous damage to settlements, infrastructures, landscapes, and ecology (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DFMCs have been quite active since 2007, when a catastrophic event with magnitude of *1 million m 3 was triggered in early September by a glacier/rock landslide that was considered to be induced by antecedent rainfall and high temperature. Several large and numerous small-scale ones, mainly triggered by rainfall and rising temperature, have occurred in the last decade, in particular in 2010 and 2018, causing large hazards to downstream Tibetan villages and infrastructures (Deng et al, 2017;Wei et al, 2018;Yu et al, 2020). (c) Mount Meager, a part of the Mount Meager Volcano Complex (MMVC) in British Columbia, Canada.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review

Yao

Huang

et al. 2020

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere (DFMC) are one of the most globally important, widely distributed mass flows (and natural geohazards) in mountain areas with a high altitude and/or high latitude. This is particularly the case in high mountain areas that have been undergoing rapid glacier retreat, permafrost degradation, and other melt/thaw related processes. As a consequence, the actual hazards and potential risks of DFMC have drawn increasing attention in the context of global climate change (i.e. a rising temperature and higher occurrence of strong precipitation events). Unlike debris flows at low elevations, where their occurrence is closely related to precipitation (intensity and duration), the breach of a DFMC event depends on precipitation and/or air temperature, which in turn influence melt/thaw processes, rending the formation mechanism much more complicated. Although research has been widely carried out on DFMC in past decades, there is still a long way to go before we have reached a complete understanding of the formation mechanism and triggering conditions. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of DFMC, including typical DFMC events and their causes, the failure mechanisms of rock (or ice-rock joints), the characteristics of moraine deposits, initiation through hydraulic erosion (entrainment), the relationship between DFMC initiation and meteorological conditions, and the slope stability of the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate. Several issues that should be addressed in future research are also discussed.

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Section: Examples Of Dfmc Events From Literature and Their Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Examples Of Dfmc Events From Literature and Their Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review

Yao

Huang

et al. 2020

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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“…Rock avalanches are usually caused by the initial outburst from the numerous rock mass with fast movement during transportation [12,13]. It reflects that the complex features of rock avalanches are due to the complexity of the formation mechanism and large-scale size for rock mass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure Mechanism and Kinematics of the Deadly September 28^th 2016 Sucun Landslide, Suichang, Zhejiang, China

Tian

Gan

Jiang

et al. 2020

Advances in Civil Engineering

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The formation and dynamic process analysis of the rockslide avalanche in mountainous areas are one of the consequences of the catastrophic accident. Such loose accumulation in upslope may saturate partially or completely when the stability of their accumulation dam is distributed or affected by rainfall. We present a case study with respect to the southern Wuyi Mountain located in eastern China, where the wet and rainy climate has led to dozens of similar rockslide hazards. The purpose of this paper was to analyse the mechanism and dynamic characteristics of the rockslide influenced by the same geological conditions and to predict the outburst susceptibility of similar landslides in the future. Detail field surveys, 3D laser scanning, and high-density electrical methods were used to collect the geotechnical information of the complex landslide, to identify the discontinuity between the landslide material and the bedrock, and to investigate the deformation characterization and dynamic process of the rockslide. Based on remote sensing interpretation and field investigation of the deformation process of a landslide in different times and different parts, the background, mechanism, and cause of the landslide were demonstrated. The landslide is controlled by the characteristics of the geological structure, including collapse, circular sliding, plane sliding, and debris flow. In addition, there are rock avalanches on the rear edge of the slope subjected to the combined action of rainfall and gravity. Moreover, there are some resistance anomaly areas of the aquifer and soil between 2 and 50 m where the resistivity is less than 120 ohm-m, and they were deduced to be full of water, confirming a “bathtub” type structure. The mechanism of the catastrophic landslide was a combination of the upper pushing deformation induced by rainfall line uplift and rotational; due to the ancient landslide reactivation in the transposition area, the velocity of the rockslide reached 40.11 m/s.

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Debris‐flow fan development and geomorphic effects in alpine canyons under a changing climate

Hou,

2023

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Debris flows in alpine environments are prone to occur in the context of global climate change (i.e., elevated air temperature and higher frequency of strong precipitation events). (Alluvial) Fans often develop at the outlet of tributaries after high‐intensity debris flows. Most debris‐flow fans in alpine canyon areas extend directly to the main river channel and become the forefront of the interaction between the tributary gully and the main river channel. Clarifying the development processes/dynamics, evolutionary mechanisms and driving factors of alluvial fans would shed light on understanding the geomorphological effects and genesis of river valleys in alpine canyon areas. Here, we report the development of debris‐flow fan at the outlet of the Tianmo Gully, a formerly hazard‐free but currently hazard‐active tributary of the Parlung Tsangpo Basin, Southeast Tibet, where debris flows have occurred frequently in the last two decades. Combining remote‐sensing images, DEM data, UAV aerial photography, RTK topographic survey and other fieldwork, the development processes and morphological characteristics of the Tianmo fan under the influence of four large debris flows were analysed. Both primary events (described as episodic debris‐flow events characterized by high‐magnitude mass movement) and secondary events (corresponding to perennial stream flow processes with much lower sediment concentrations) affected the development of the Tianmo fan. Episodic debris‐flow events drastically shape the macroscopic morphology of the fan, with rapid deposition and expansion of the fan body, whereas perennial stream flow processes slowly modulate the fan during the intermittent period between debris flows, mainly with gradual retrogressive incision and lateral migration of flow channel on the fan body. Influenced by the strong sediment‐transport process of debris flows and the alluvial fan development, the planform of the Parlung Tsangpo River evolved from a relatively narrow and single‐thread pattern to an alternating‐wide‐and‐narrow pattern, with a corresponding staircase‐like longitudinal profile.

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Geohazard cascade and mechanism of large debris flows in Tianmo gully, SE Tibetan Plateau and implications to hazard monitoring

Cited by 89 publications

References 36 publications

Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review

Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review

Failure Mechanism and Kinematics of the Deadly September 28^th 2016 Sucun Landslide, Suichang, Zhejiang, China

Debris‐flow fan development and geomorphic effects in alpine canyons under a changing climate

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Geohazard cascade and mechanism of large debris flows in Tianmo gully, SE Tibetan Plateau and implications to hazard monitoring

Cited by 89 publications

References 36 publications

Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review

Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review

Failure Mechanism and Kinematics of the Deadly September 28th 2016 Sucun Landslide, Suichang, Zhejiang, China

Debris‐flow fan development and geomorphic effects in alpine canyons under a changing climate

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Failure Mechanism and Kinematics of the Deadly September 28^th 2016 Sucun Landslide, Suichang, Zhejiang, China