Geography, Poverty and Conflict in Nepal

Civil conflict, gender-specific fetal loss, and selection: A new test of the Trivers–Willard hypothesis

“…6 Over the course of the conflict, Maoists attacked government targets such as army barracks, police posts, and local government buildings (Do & Iyer 2010). They were also reported to terrorize, loot, abduct, and physically assault civilians (Human Rights Watch (2004); Bohara et al (2006)).…”

“…I hypothesize that civil conflict experienced during pregnancy should 6 Several arguments have been put forward to explain the district variation in the intensity of the insurgency, including geography (Murshed & Gates (2005); Bohara et al (2006); Do & Iyer (2010)), poverty (Murshed & Gates (2005); Do & Iyer (2010)), lack of political participation (Bohara et al 2006), and inter-group inequality (Murshed & Gates (2005); Macours (2011)). Given that these variables are likely to also affect fetal and neonatal health, it is important to control for district heterogeneity in the analysis and check the robustness of findings to potential confounders, as discussed in Sections 4.2 and 7.…”

“…INSEC is an independent, wellregarded, human rights NGO based in Kathmandu and with representatives in each of the 75 Nepalese districts, who monitor human rights violations. Data from INSEC has been extensively used in the media, international agencies and government reports, and in a number of academic studies, including Bohara et al (2006) and Do & Iyer (2010). All conflict exposure variables are expressed in deaths per 1000 district inhabitants as per the last pre-conflict census (1991).…”

Public Health Interventions for Control of Malaria in the Population Living in the Terai Region of Nepal

“…12 Migration has been further fueled by the ten-year Maoist insurgency in Nepal. 18 Migration to India, a high malaria endemic area, for work, also increases the possibility of cross border spread. 19,20 Increased urbanization in Terai means increase in construction sites leaving wet and damp areas, which act as breeding sites for mosquitoes.…”

What Did the Maoists Ever Do for Us?: Education and Marriage of Women Exposed to Civil Conflict in Nepal

“…Shemyakina (2009) presents difference-in-difference estimates of the impact of exposure to the Tajik conflict on the probability of marriage at a given age and finds that women more exposed to violent conflict were 30% less likely to be married at a given age than women in areas less exposed to violence. In a less well controlled study, Jayaraman et al (2009) (Do and Iyer, 2010). They were also reported to terrorize, loot, abduct, and physically assault civilians (Bohara et al, 2006).…”