Geographical variations in maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy associated with birth weight in Shaanxi province, Northwestern China

Abstract

The geographical variation of maternal dietary patterns related to birth outcomes is important for improving the health of mothers and children; however, it is currently unknown. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate geographical variations of maternal dietary pattern during pregnancy, and evaluate the spatial varying association of maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy with abnormal birth weight. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shaanxi province in Northwest China in 2013 to evaluate the relationship between abnormal birth weight and dietary pattern using the Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR). Three dietary patterns during pregnancy were extracted through factor analysis, explaining approximately 45.8% of the variability of food intake. Approximately 81.6% of mothers with higher scores on the equilibrium pattern was more unlikely to have small for gestational age (SGA) infants, with the lower OR observed in Central and South Shaanxi. The snacks pattern was positively associated with low birth weight (LBW) for 23.2% of participants, with the highest OR in Central Shaanxi. Among about 80.0% of participants with higher scores on the snacks pattern living in South and Central Shaanxi, there was a higher risk for SGA. The OR values tend to descend from South to North Shaanxi. The OR values of the negative association between prudent pattern and LBW decreased from South to North Shaanxi among approximately 59.3% of participants. The prudent pattern was also negatively associated with the increasing risk of fetal macrosomia among 19.2% of participants living mainly in South Shaanxi. The association of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy with abnormal birth weight varied geographically across Shaanxi province. The findings emphasize the importance of geographical distribution to improve the dietary patterns among disadvantaged pregnant women.

Maternal Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods-Rich Diet and Perinatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…After the removal of duplicates, 4.918 article titles and abstracts were screened. Of these, 151 full-text articles were further assessed for eligibility and, finally, 61 studies [ 4 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ,…”

“…The included studies were conducted in Africa [ 50 , 51 ], Asia [ 19 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], America [ 4 , 18 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 89 ], Europe [ 20 , 21 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , …”

“…Two articles explored depressive symptoms during pregnancy [ 46 , 88 ]. Neonatal outcomes included LBW, investigated in eleven articles [ 21 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 53 , 65 , 73 , 80 , 86 ]; LGA, investigated in eight articles [ 47 , 50 , 54 , 66 , 68 , 73 , 82 , 87 ]; birth length, explored in four articles [ 48 , 54 , 60 , 86 ]; one publication reporting body mass index (BMI)/age at birth [ 59 ]; five reporting preterm birth [ 22 , 48 , 55 , 83 , 85 ]; and offspring congenital heart defects, examined in two publications [ 70 , 79 ].…”

“…Selected cross-sectional studies (n = 9) examined the association between maternal UPF consumption and perinatal outcomes. No significant association was observed for excessive GWG [ 64 , 89 ], GDM risk [ 61 , 64 ], preeclampsia [ 45 ] and LGA [ 47 ]. Three studies [ 43 , 47 , 65 ] reported a positive association between the consumption of UPF and LBW, while one study [ 80 ] (n = 303) showed no significant association.…”

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Dietary Patterns in Early Pregnancy and Maternal/Infant Health Outcomes in a Chinese Cohort

“…Notably, the pregnant women included in Lv et al (29) study resided in China's eastern Jiangsu province, whereas our study participants were from Chongqing, in Southwestern China. Liu et al (30) has demonstrated that maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy can vary significantly based on geographical variation, even within the same province. Despite different dietary patterns identified in each of the studies, both studies found a significant association between maternal dietary pattern consumption in pregnancy with aspects of motor development at 12 months of age.…”