Geographical variations in king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and China: On venom lethality, antivenom immunoreactivity and in vivo neutralization

Tan, Kae Yi; Ng, Tzu Shan; Bourges, Aymeric; Ismail, Ahmad Khaldun; Maharani, Tri; Khomvilai, Sumana; Sitprija, Visith; Tan, Nget Hong; Tan, Choo Hock

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105311

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, the amount of the β-CTX contained in the venom appears to vary between regions, such as Indonesian (0.7% w/w), Hainan (0.8% w/w) and Guangxi (2% w/w) king cobras [4,6]. Notably, the protein composition variation in king cobra venoms influence the toxicity and immunological properties of the venom [6,7]. Apart from the geographical distribution, variation of the components in snake venoms were have also been attributed to other factors, including age-related effects, nutrition and seasonal changes [9].…”

Section: Alternative Isolation Methods and Characterization Of β-Ctx mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxin was previously found in the venom of the king cobra from various regions of Asia, including Malaysia, Indonesia, China, and Thailand [ 3 - 6 ]. The venoms of king cobra from different geographical regions have been found to be highly variable in their proteomes, including CTX abundances, and therefore the venom toxicity variations [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suppression of cardiomyocyte functions by β-CTX isolated from the Thai king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom via an alternative method

Lertwanakarn

Suntravat

Sánchez

et al. 2020

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Background: Beta-cardiotoxin (β-CTX), the three-finger toxin isolated from king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom, possesses β-blocker activity as indicated by its negative chronotropy and its binding property to both β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors and has been proposed as a novel β-blocker candidate. Previously, β-CTX was isolated and purified by FPLC. Here, we present an alternative method to purify this toxin. In addition, we tested its cytotoxicity against different mammalian muscle cell types and determined the impact on cardiac function in isolated cardiac myocyte so as to provide insights into the pharmacological action of this protein. Methods: β-CTX was isolated from the crude venom of the Thai king cobra using reverse-phased and cation exchange HPLC. In vitro cellular viability MTT assays were performed on mouse myoblast (C2C12), rat smooth muscle (A7r5), and rat cardiac myoblast (H9c2) cells. Cell shortening and calcium transient dynamics were recorded on isolated rat cardiac myocytes over a range of β-CTX concentration. Results: Purified β-CTX was recovered from crude venom (0.53% w/w). MTT assays revealed 50% cytotoxicity on A7r5 cells at 9.41 ± 1.14 µM (n = 3), but no cytotoxicity on C2C12 and H9c2 cells up to 114.09 µM. β-CTX suppressed the extend of rat cardiac cell shortening in a dose-dependent manner; the half-maximal inhibition concentration was 95.97 ± 50.10 nM (n = 3). In addition, the rates of cell shortening and re-lengthening were decreased in β-CTX treated myocytes concomitant with a prolongation of the intracellular calcium transient decay, indicating depression of cardiac contractility secondary to altered cardiac calcium homeostasis.

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Section: Alternative Isolation Methods and Characterization Of β-Ctx mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of cardiomyocyte functions by β-CTX isolated from the Thai king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom via an alternative method

Lertwanakarn

Suntravat

Sánchez

et al. 2020

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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“…Besides, the finding is interesting as this species is widely distributed in Indonesia. It can encourage further studies of the species in possible speciation as it was identified in Thailand (Suntrarachun et al 2014) and specific antivenom-related research on O. hannah as geographic differences which can affect the potency of the different anti-venoms used in treatment (Tan et al 2020).…”

Section: The Effect Of Land-use Changementioning

confidence: 98%

Short Communication: Herpetofauna diversity at the University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Maulidi A, Purnaningsih T, Maulina A, Gunawan YE, Rizki M. 2020. Short Communication: Herpetofauna diversity at University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4509-4514. Research on herpetofauna at the University of Palangka Raya (UPR) is vital as there has been no official data so far and remains to be anecdotal evidence from various members of the university. The present study aimed to analyze and report the herpetofauna diversity on the Tunjung Nyaho Campus. It was conducted between October 2019 and November 2019. Herpetofauna data were collected using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method. Diurnal and nocturnal surveys were carried out between 07:00-10:00 and 19:00-22:00, respectively. The results showed that as many as 12 species of herpetofauna were present, including six species of reptiles from six families and six species of amphibians from four families. Comparative diversity analyses of these species, unburned, post-burnt, and around building, indicated that the unburned area had a relatively high diversity (2.06) compared to the other two (0.86 and 0.88, respectively). However, the evenness index (E) for the herpetofauna community in all three locations was > 0.70. The resulting species list from this study consisted of two species with threatened statuses under the IUCN Red List, i.e., Ophiophagus hannah (VU), and Cuora amboinensis (EN).

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“…For instance, mitochondrial DNA analysis on King Cobras in Thailand suggested a deep phylogenetic divergence between the northern and southern specimens [ 20 ]. In fact, besides variation in morphology and coloration within the species of King Cobra, the venom properties in terms of composition and biological activities tend to vary greatly across specimens from different geographic locations [ 21 , 22 ]. However, polymorphism and venom variation are also known to occur without phylogenetic implication, and serve no indication of speciation [ 23 ].…”

Section: Distribution Taxonomy and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

King Cobra and snakebite envenomation: on the natural history, human-snake relationship and medical importance of Ophiophagus hannah

Tan

Bourges

Tan

2021

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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King Cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ) has a significant place in many cultures, and is a medically important venomous snake in the world. Envenomation by this snake is highly lethal, manifested mainly by neurotoxicity and local tissue damage. King Cobra may be part of a larger species complex, and is widely distributed across Southeast Asia, southern China, northern and eastern regions as well as the Western Ghats of India, indicating potential geographical variation in venom composition. There is, however, only one species-specific King Cobra antivenom available worldwide that is produced in Thailand, using venom from the snake of Thai origin. Issues relating to the management of King Cobra envenomation ( e.g. , variation in the composition and toxicity of the venom, limited availability and efficacy of antivenom), and challenges faced in the research of venom (in particular proteomics), are rarely addressed. This article reviews the natural history and sociocultural importance of King Cobra, cases of snakebite envenomation caused by this species, current practice of management (preclinical and clinical), and major toxinological studies of the venom with a focus on venom proteomics, toxicity and neutralization. Unfortunately, epidemiological data of King Cobra bite is scarce, and venom proteomes reported in various studies revealed marked discrepancies in details. Challenges, such as inconsistency in snake venom sampling, varying methodology of proteomic analysis, lack of mechanistic and antivenomic studies, and controversy surrounding antivenom use in treating King Cobra envenomation are herein discussed. Future directions are proposed, including the effort to establish a standard, comprehensive Pan-Asian proteomic database of King Cobra venom, from which the venom variation can be determined. Research should be undertaken to characterize the toxin antigenicity, and to develop an antivenom with improved efficacy and wider geographical utility. The endeavors are aligned with the WHO´s roadmap that aims to reduce the disease burden of snakebite by 50% before 2030.

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Geographical variations in king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and China: On venom lethality, antivenom immunoreactivity and in vivo neutralization

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Suppression of cardiomyocyte functions by β-CTX isolated from the Thai king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom via an alternative method

Suppression of cardiomyocyte functions by β-CTX isolated from the Thai king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom via an alternative method

Short Communication: Herpetofauna diversity at the University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia

King Cobra and snakebite envenomation: on the natural history, human-snake relationship and medical importance of Ophiophagus hannah

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